Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant Resistance Table 2. Whitefly (Aleurotrachelus socialis) survival, development time and fecundity on four cassava varieties. Variety Percentage survival Development Number Tricomes/cm2 of immatures a time/days a eggs/female on second leaf MBra 12 75.0 a 32.18 c 107 4.653 CMC 40 66.0 ab 32.07 c 64 189 CG 489-34 65.5 ab 33.13 b 46 15.290 MEcu 72 27.0 c 34.45 a 15 33.048 a. Means within a column followed by the same letter are not significantly different at the P = 0.05 level, using LSD test. preliminary results indicate that host plant resistance in cassava may affect the development or emergence of parasitoids. Experiments using susceptible varieties (CMC 40) still need to be completed. Since E. hispida is the most frequently collected parasitoid in cassava fields, a much higher emergence is expected. The survival of E. hispida when associated with A. socialis on the cultivar MEcu 72 decreased rapidly when compared to the other cultivars. One hundred percent mortality occurred within 19 days (Figure 5). Longest survival was on CMC 40, with individuals living for 40 days. Variety CG 489-34 was intermediate; in both experiments with this cultivar, % survival 100 80 60 40 20 individuals survived until 34 days. These data indicate that there may be varietal influence associated with E. hispida survival. Since MEcu 72 and CG 489-34 are resistant varieties, this resistance factor or mechanism may be affecting parasitoid survival. Host plant resistance and biological control agents increasingly are accepted as complementary pestcontrol tactics that can reduce the use of chemical pesticide, especially with difficult-to-control pests such as whiteflies. Cassava is most often grown by resource-limited, small-scale farmers in the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. HPR and biological control offers a low-cost, practical, long-term solution for 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 MEcu 72 CMC 40 Time (days) CG 489-34 #1 CG 489-34 #2 Figure 5. Survival of Encarsia hispida, parasitoid of Aleurotrachelus socialis, on three varieties of cassava, MEcu 72, CMC 40 and CG 489-34 (experiments #1 and #2). 311
maintaining lower whitefly populations, reducing crop losses, and limiting or eliminating the need for applications of costly insecticides. This is especially important in crops such as cassava, which has a long growing cycle (1 year or more) that would require numerous pesticide applications to achieve adequate whitefly control. Research on cassava whitefly control at CIAT initially emphasized HPR. More recently, a concentrated effort is being 312 Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics made to identify and use natural enemies in an IPM context (see Chapter 5.2). Reference Fregene, M.; Angel, F.; Gómez, R.; Rodríguez, F.; Chavarriaga, P.; Roca, W.; Tohme, J.; Bonierbale, M. 1997. A molecular genetic map of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz). Theor. Appl. Gen. 95:431-441.
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
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Introduction References Aritua, V.;
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Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
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Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
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Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
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Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
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Benin or disease problem, the main
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Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
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Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
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Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
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Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
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Cameroon Farmers undertook various
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Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
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Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
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Uganda environment, host plant heal
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Uganda local varieties. Assessments
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Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
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Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
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Kenya respective diseases were reco
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Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
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Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
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Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
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Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
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Malawi Increased Biological Underst
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Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
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Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
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Madagascar surprising, particularly
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Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
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Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
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Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
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Factors Associated with Damage Mean
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Factors Associated with Damage % SP
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Factors Associated with Damage thro
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Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
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Conclusions and Recommendations col
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
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Conclusions and Recommendations com
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Conclusions and Recommendations con
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Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
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Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
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SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
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Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
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Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
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Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
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Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
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Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
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Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
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Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
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Kenya Increased Biological Understa
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Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
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Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
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Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
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Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
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Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania The reproductive host plan
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Tanzania Geographical range of whit
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Tanzania Local names given to white
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Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
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Malawi levels of infestation by the
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Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
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Malawi (40%) believe that the white
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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
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Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
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Conclusions and Recommendations the
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SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
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Introduction especially for export.
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Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
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Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
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Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
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Mexico results of the molecular bio
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Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
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Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
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Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
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Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
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Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
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Guatemala contemplated in this prel
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El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
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El Salvador During the course of th
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El Salvador markets: common bean, m
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El Salvador Current Status of White
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Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
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Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
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Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
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Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
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Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
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Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
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Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
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Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
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Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
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Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
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Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
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Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
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Haiti collaborators in this project
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Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
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Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Cuba project provided three keynote
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Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
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Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Page 282 and 283: SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Page 310 and 311: Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Page 316 and 317: SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
Page 318 and 319: Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
Page 328 and 329: Biological Control of Whiteflies by
Page 340 and 341: Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
Page 348 and 349: Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
Page 354 and 355: Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
Page 356 and 357: Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
Page 358 and 359: Conclusions developing countries, a
Page 360 and 361: Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
Page 362 and 363: Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
Page 364 and 365: Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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