Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Guatemala Table 2. Results of whitefly surveys in different agricultural regions of Guatemala. Data are numbers of samples that included Bemisia tabaci biotype A (B.t.-A), B. tabaci biotype B (B.t.-B) or other species of whitefly (other spp.). Crop Samples Locality a B.t.-A B.t.-B Other spp. Melon 12 Cuyuta-Jutiapa 0 12 0 Melon 6 Río Hondo-Zacapa 0 6 0 Watermelon 10 La Fragua-Zacapa 0 10 0 Watermelon 22 L.de Retana-Jutiapa 0 2 20 Cucumber 17 Usumatlán-Zacapa 0 17 0 Cucumber 10 AMCO-Jutiapa 0 10 0 Cucumber 10 S. Agustín-Jutiapa 0 10 0 Okra 7 La Fragua-Zacapa 0 7 0 Tobacco 2 Santa Cruz-Jutiapa 0 2 0 Tomato 2 Miramar-Jutiapa 2 0 0 Tomato 1 AMCO-Jutiapa 0 1 0 Eggplant 10 San Agustín-Jutiapa 0 10 0 a. AMCO-Jutiapa, an experiment station. Table 3. Comparative analysis of partial coat protein sequence homologies (%) among viruses associated with Bean golden yellow mosaic virus, comparing the isolate GA-2, collected in Guatemala during the project, with GA-1, the original isolate, and isolates from the Dominican Republic (DR), Puerto Rico (PR) and Bean golden mosaic virus- Brazil (BR). Virus GA-2 GA-1 DR PR BR GA-2 100 92.7 92.3 90.0 76.0 These results show a divergence in coat protein nucleotide sequence of ca. 7.3% between the original and recent Guatemalan isolates. This difference is significant, considering that when sequences of two isolates diverge by more than 10% they are normally regarded as distinct species—as in the case of the difference observed between BGYMV-GA and BGMV-BR (see Table 3). Table 4 shows the results of serological and other complementary diagnostic tests carried out on plant samples taken from selected crops in whitefly-affected regions in Guatemala. These results demonstrate the presence of whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses in most horticultural crops assayed, with the exception of cucumber. Tobacco is also beginning to be attacked by begomoviruses, as production of this crop increases once more. Tobacco, however, was observed to be principally affected by Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) (Tobamovirus), a highly infectious virus that is spread by workers entering the field. A similar virus, probably Tomato mosaic virus, was also found infecting tomato in the south-eastern region of Guatemala, although the two viruses may be strains of TMV adapted to each crop. The presence of Pepper golden mosaic virus in pepper was confirmed in samples taken from the locality of Laguna de Retana. The collaborating Plant Pathology Laboratory of the University of Wisconsin had detected this virus already in Guatemala (Douglas Maxwell, personal communication, 2003). Socio-economic Analysis Over half of Guatemala’s total population of some 12 million people are of pure Amerindian stock. This sector of the population is concentrated 191
192 Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Table 4. Results of assays carried out on selected plant samples from Guatemala. Sample Locality Plant Reaction a EM b MAB-BS PTY1 1 Zacapa Melon + - nt 2 Zacapa Melon - + nt 3 Monjas Tobacco + nt nt 4 Monjas Tobacco + nt TMV 5 El Ovejero Tobacco - nt TMV 6 L. de Retana Tomato + nt nt 7 L. de Retana Tomato - - nt 8 L. de Retana Tomato + nt nt 9 Zacapa Tomato - - nt 10 Las Conchas Tomato - nt TMV 11 Las Conchas Tomato - nt TMV 12 Las Flores Tomato + nt nt 13 L. de Retana Tomato + nt nt 14 L. de Retana Tomato + nt nt 15 Plan de la Cruz Tomato + nt nt 16 Plan de la Cruz Tomato + nt nt 17 Monjas Tomato + nt nt 18 Monjas Tomato + nt nt 19 Monjas Tomato + nt nt 20 L. de Retana Pepper + nt nt 21 L. de Retana Pepper - nt - 22 L. de Retana Pepper + nt nt 23 L. de Retana Cucumber - nt - 24 L. de Retana Cucumber - nt - a. Positive or negative reactions to a broad spectrum monoclonal antibody used to detect bi-partite begomoviruses (MAB-BS); reactions to a potyvirus-specific monoclonal antibody (PTY1); and nt, no tests for these samples. b. Detection of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) by electron microscopy (EM); and nt, no tests for these samples. in the highlands, north and west of Guatemala City, as well as in the region of Petén. South-eastern Guatemala is the region with the lowest proportion of native Americans. The presence of mestizos or ladinos in the Oriente of Guatemala explains the more dynamic and complex cropping systems in these drier lowlands, including the prevalence of nontraditional export crops. A special study was conducted in the municipality of Monjas, Jalapa Department, where Amerindians still make up over 70% of the total population. The Monjas Valley is located at an altitude of 960 m and has an average annual precipitation of 900 mm, most of which falls between May and October. The mean temperature is 23.7 °C and the mean relative humidity is 80%. Ecologically, the Monjas Valley is classified both as dry subtropical forest and temperate subtropical humid forest. Most of the agricultural land is private property, although it may have been acquired by “right” and not through a commercial transaction. Table 5 shows the existing cropping systems in the Monjas Valley. Maize and common bean are evidently
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
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Introduction References Aritua, V.;
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Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
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Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
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Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
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Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
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Benin or disease problem, the main
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Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
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Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
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Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
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Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
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Cameroon Farmers undertook various
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Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
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Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
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Uganda environment, host plant heal
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Uganda local varieties. Assessments
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Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
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Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
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Kenya respective diseases were reco
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Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
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Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
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Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
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Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
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Malawi Increased Biological Underst
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Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
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Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
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Madagascar surprising, particularly
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Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
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Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
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Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
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Factors Associated with Damage Mean
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Factors Associated with Damage % SP
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Factors Associated with Damage thro
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Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
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Conclusions and Recommendations col
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
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Conclusions and Recommendations com
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Conclusions and Recommendations con
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Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
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Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
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SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
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Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
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Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
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Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
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Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
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Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
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Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
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Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
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Kenya Increased Biological Understa
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Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
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Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
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Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
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Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
Page 156 and 157: Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
Page 158 and 159: Tanzania The reproductive host plan
Page 160 and 161: Tanzania Geographical range of whit
Page 162 and 163: Tanzania Local names given to white
Page 164 and 165: Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
Page 166 and 167: Malawi levels of infestation by the
Page 168 and 169: Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
Page 170 and 171: Malawi (40%) believe that the white
Page 172 and 173: Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
Page 178 and 179: Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
Page 180 and 181: Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
Page 182 and 183: Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
Page 184 and 185: Conclusions and Recommendations the
Page 186 and 187: SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
Page 188 and 189: Introduction CHAPTER 3.1 Introducti
Page 190 and 191: Introduction especially for export.
Page 192 and 193: Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
Page 194 and 195: Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
Page 196 and 197: Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
Page 198 and 199: Mexico results of the molecular bio
Page 200 and 201: Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
Page 202 and 203: Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
Page 204 and 205: Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
Page 208 and 209: Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
Page 210 and 211: Guatemala contemplated in this prel
Page 212 and 213: El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
Page 214 and 215: El Salvador During the course of th
Page 216 and 217: El Salvador markets: common bean, m
Page 218 and 219: El Salvador Current Status of White
Page 220 and 221: Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
Page 222 and 223: Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
Page 224 and 225: Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
Page 226 and 227: Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
Page 228 and 229: Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
Page 230 and 231: Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
Page 232 and 233: Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
Page 234 and 235: Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
Page 236 and 237: Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
Page 238 and 239: Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
Page 240 and 241: Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
Page 242 and 243: Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
Page 244 and 245: Haiti collaborators in this project
Page 246 and 247: Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
Page 248 and 249: Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Page 252 and 253: Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
Page 254 and 255: Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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