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Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tomato and chilli fields in 22 states of Mexico. Sample Plant Locality a State N W V1 b V2 b V3 1 Sida Chetumal Q. Roo 18 30 88 15 TMV TEV - 2 Chilli Chetumal Q. Roo 18 30 88 15 PHYVV TPV - 3 Malvaceae Campeche Campeche 19 50 90 26 TMV TEV - 4 Weed Uxmal Yucatán 20 25 89 42 TMV - - 5 Chilli Campeche Campeche 19 50 90 26 PHYVV - - 6 Chilli Sayula Jalisco 19 50 103 30 TPV - - 7 Chilli Sayula Jalisco 19 50 103 30 TEV - - 8 Tomato Sayula Jalisco 19 50 103 30 TMV PHYVV - 9 Squash Sayula Jalisco 19 50 103 30 PHYVV - - 10 Euphorbia Sayula Jalisco 19 50 103 30 TPV - - 11 Sida Sayula Jalisco 19 50 103 30 PHYVV - - 12 Chilli Tecomán Colima 19 01 103 55 TMV PHYVV - 13 Chilli Tecomán Colima 19 01 103 55 TMV - - 14 Chilli Tecomán Colima 19 01 103 55 PHYVV - - 15 Chilli Tecomán Colima 19 01 103 55 TPV - - 16 Weed Tecomán Colima 19 01 103 55 TPV - - 17 Chilli S. Ixcuintla Nayarit 21 50 105 10 PHYVV - - 18 Chilli S. Ixcuintla Nayarit 21 50 105 10 TPV - - 19 Tomato S. Ixcuintla Nayarit 21 50 105 10 TPV - - 20 Chilli Apaseo Alto Guanajuato 20 35 100 25 PHYVV - - 21 Weed Celaya Guanajuato 20 32 100 49 TMV - - 22 Malvaceae Los Angeles R. Lagunera 25 32 103 30 TMV - - 23 Common bean Los Angeles R. Lagunera 25 32 103 30 TMV - - 24 Tomate CIAN R. Lagunera 25 32 103 30 TMV - - 25 Melon CELALA R. Lagunera 25 32 103 30 TMV - - 26 Tomate CELALA R. Lagunera 25 32 103 30 TMV - - 27 Chilli Ciudad Isla Veracruz 18 5.1 95 36 TPV - - 28 Chilli Martinez dlt Veracruz 20 5.0 97 5.0 PHYVV TPV - 29 Chilli Papantla Veracruz 20 30 97 12 PHYVV - - 30 Chilli Papantla Veracruz 20 30 97 12 PHYVV TPV - 31 Chilli Poza Rica Veracruz 20 33 97 26 PHYVV - - 32 Melampodium Veracruz Veracruz 19 9.5 96 6.4 TMV CMV TEV/TPV 33 Chilli Guegovela Oaxaca 16 46 96 49 TEV - - 34 Datura S.L.Cacaote Oaxaca 17 7.9 96 47 TPV - - 35 Tomato Guegovela Oaxaca 16 46 96 49 TEV - - 36 Chilli Pabellón Aguascal. 21 55 102 15 CMV - - 37 Chilli Jalpa Aguascal. 21 55 102 15 TEV - - 38 Malvaceae Jalpa Aguascal. 21 55 102 15 TEV - - 39 Chilli Jaral Progr. Aguascal. 20 30 101 6 TEV TMV CMV 40 Chilli Jaral Progr. Aguascal. 20 30 101 6 TEV TMV - 41 Chilli Jaral Progr. Aguascal. 20 30 101 6 TEV CMV - 42 Chilli Paracuaro Guanajuato 20 15 100 48 TEV CMV - 43 Chilli Paracuaro Guanajuato 20 15 100 48 TEV CMV - 44 Malvaceae S. Luis Paz Guanajuato 21 33 100 32 TMV - - 45 Malvaceae S. Luis Paz Guanajuato 21 33 100 32 TEV - - 46 Tomato Yautepec Morelos 18 50 99 11 PHYVV - - 47 Physalis Yautepec Morelos 18 50 99 11 PHYVV - - 48 Chilli Yautepec Morelos 18 50 99 11 PHYVV TPV - 49 Tomato Metztitlán Hidalgo 20 38 98 39 PHYVV TPV - 50 Chilli Metztitlán Hidalgo 20 38 98 39 PHYVV - - 51 Chilli Salitral S.L. Potosí 22 53 102 02 PHYVV TPV - 52 Tomato Salitral S.L. Potosí 22 53 102 02 PHYVV - - 53 Sida Salitral S.L. Potosí 22 53 102 02 PHYVV - - 54 Chilli Apaseo Querétaro 20 35 100 25 PHYVV - - a. CIAN and CELALA are experiment stations in the Lagunera region of Mexico. b. TMV, Tobacco mosaic virus; TEV, Tobacco etch virus; PHYVV, Pepper Huasteco yellow vein virus; TPV, Texas pepper virus (= Pepper golden mosaic virus); CMV, Cucumber mosaic virus. 181
horticultural crops grown in the country: common bean, tomato, chilli and squash. Additionally, a begomovirus was detected in soybean plants in Sinaloa State. Soybean is a host for B. tabaci in South America but its role in Mesoamerica as a reproductive host for this whitefly seems to have been secondary to that of other crops such as cotton and some horticultural crops. Nevertheless, B. tabaci reportedly destroyed over 5000 ha of soybean in the Valle del Fuerte, Sinaloa, in 1994 (INIFAP, 1995). As noted above, golden mosaic symptoms in common bean in northern Mexico are caused by BCaMV, which is related to SLCV, a cucurbit virus originally recorded from the United States. In this project, we surveyed three key locations in the north-western region of Mexico—Etchojoa in Sonora, and Los Mochis and Culiacán in Sinaloa 182 Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics state—and took samples of common bean plants affected by symptoms of the disease. A partial molecular characterization of the viral isolates collected (Table 3) shows that BCaMV is still present in common bean plantings in north-western Mexico, specifically in Los Mochis. This isolate is still closely related to an isolate of BCaMV collected in the same locality in 1986. The sample from Culiacán represents a begomovirus closely related to BCaMV but already evolving into a new species (as indicated by a sequence homology of less than 90%). Perhaps of even greater interest is that the common bean begomovirus from Sonora is still identifiable as an isolate of the original SLCV, constituting the first direct evidence of the evolution of this virus. Selected whitefly samples were also collected on different crops in northwestern Mexico. Table 4 presents the Table 3. Comparative sequence homologies (%) of common bean begomoviruses from north-western Mexico (Sonora and Sinaloa) and other whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses. Virus isolate ORF a Common bean begomoviruses b BGYMV-GA BCaMV SLCV BCaMV-MO BDMV Etchojoa, Sonora AC1 57.0 77.2 96.0 76.8 61.0 AV1 72.2 75.4 97.8 74.9 74.2 Los Mochis, Sinaloa AC1 69.8 89.7 70.5 88.3 68.8 AV1 74.4 92.2 76.1 92.2 73.9 Culiacán, Sinaloa AC1 74.3 83.0 69.1 81.8 74.6 AV1 73.0 86.1 79.2 85.7 74.2 a ORF, open reading frame; AC1, replicase; and AV1, capsid protein. b BGYMV-GA, Bean golden yellow mosaic virus-Guatemala; BCaMV, Bean calico mosaic virus; SLCV, Squash leaf curl virus; MO, Mochis; BDMV, Bean dwarf mosaic virus. Table 4. Identification of Bemisia tabaci biotypes from Sinaloa, northern Mexico. Locality Crop Biotype A Biotype B Los Mochis Common bean X - Los Mochis Common bean X - Los Mochis Common bean - X Los Mochis Common bean - X Los Mochis Common bean - X Culiacán Eggplant X - Culiacán Eggplant X - Culiacán Eggplant X - Culiacán Eggplant X - Culiacán Eggplant X -
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
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Introduction References Aritua, V.;
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Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
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Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
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Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
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Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
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Benin or disease problem, the main
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Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
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Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
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Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
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Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
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Cameroon Farmers undertook various
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Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
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Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
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Uganda environment, host plant heal
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Uganda local varieties. Assessments
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Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
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Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
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Kenya respective diseases were reco
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Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
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Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
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Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
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Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
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Malawi Increased Biological Underst
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Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
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Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
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Madagascar surprising, particularly
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Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
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Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
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Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
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Factors Associated with Damage Mean
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Factors Associated with Damage % SP
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Factors Associated with Damage thro
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Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
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Conclusions and Recommendations col
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
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Conclusions and Recommendations com
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Conclusions and Recommendations con
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Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
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Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
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SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
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Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
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Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
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Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
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Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
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Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
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Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
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Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
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Page 148 and 149: Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
Page 150 and 151: Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
Page 152 and 153: Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
Page 154 and 155: Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
Page 156 and 157: Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
Page 158 and 159: Tanzania The reproductive host plan
Page 160 and 161: Tanzania Geographical range of whit
Page 162 and 163: Tanzania Local names given to white
Page 164 and 165: Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
Page 166 and 167: Malawi levels of infestation by the
Page 168 and 169: Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
Page 170 and 171: Malawi (40%) believe that the white
Page 172 and 173: Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
Page 178 and 179: Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
Page 180 and 181: Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
Page 182 and 183: Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
Page 184 and 185: Conclusions and Recommendations the
Page 186 and 187: SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
Page 188 and 189: Introduction CHAPTER 3.1 Introducti
Page 190 and 191: Introduction especially for export.
Page 192 and 193: Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
Page 194 and 195: Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
Page 198 and 199: Mexico results of the molecular bio
Page 200 and 201: Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
Page 202 and 203: Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
Page 204 and 205: Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
Page 206 and 207: Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
Page 208 and 209: Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
Page 210 and 211: Guatemala contemplated in this prel
Page 212 and 213: El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
Page 214 and 215: El Salvador During the course of th
Page 216 and 217: El Salvador markets: common bean, m
Page 218 and 219: El Salvador Current Status of White
Page 220 and 221: Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
Page 222 and 223: Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
Page 224 and 225: Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
Page 226 and 227: Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
Page 228 and 229: Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
Page 230 and 231: Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
Page 232 and 233: Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
Page 234 and 235: Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
Page 236 and 237: Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
Page 238 and 239: Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
Page 240 and 241: Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
Page 242 and 243: Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
Page 244 and 245: Haiti collaborators in this project
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Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
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Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Cuba project provided three keynote
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Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
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Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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