Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Nicaragua Region VI is a main horticultural area of Nicaragua, particularly the Sébaco Valley, in the department of Matagalpa. The second department that forms this region, Jinotega, lies further north, bordering Honduras. The tomato crop in this region has been affected severely by whitefly-borne begomoviruses, to the point that some farmers have abandoned this crop, particularly in the southern part of the Sébaco Valley. Large whitefly populations and viral symptoms also affected cucurbits such as squash, pumpkin (Cucurbita spp. L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L. var. sativus). It is evident that whiteflies and B. tabaci-transmitted viruses affect all of the agricultural regions of Nicaragua. Nicaraguan agricultural research institutions have come together to reach affected farmers and manage the whitefly problem in a highly exemplary manner. The integrated pest management projects developed in Nicaragua with the collaboration of international and national institutions have recovered some of the most affected agricultural areas for the production of traditional (e.g., common bean) and non-traditional (e.g., tomato) crops. It is expected that the scientific knowledge generated in these projects will contribute to the implementation of more effective measures to control whiteflies and the viruses they transmit in Nicaragua and Middle America. Current Status of Whitefly/Begomovirus Problems Most of the whitefly/begomovirus problems in Nicaragua occur in the western half of the country, mainly because this region concentrates most of the country’s population. The eastern half of Nicaragua (the Caribbean Plains) is only cultivated to a minor extent with, for example, banana (Musa spp. L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.), because it is one of the rainiest regions in Central America. This climatic factor is a major deterrent for the whitefly B. tabaci and for the establishment of its main plant hosts. The Pacific Lowlands, on the other hand, experience several dry months without significant rainfall and thus possess all the necessary conditions for the whitefly B. tabaci to thrive, including the presence of good breeding hosts such as cotton. Moreover, as in the rest of Central America, most horticultural crops are located in mid-altitude (200-1000 m) valleys created by the mountain ranges that make up the central and northern regions of Nicaragua. Valleys such as the Sébaco, Matagalpa Department (450 m) constitute an example of a locality with a high incidence of B. tabaci and begomoviruses, because of the favourable environmental conditions for the pest and the presence of susceptible horticultural crops, some of which also act as suitable reproductive hosts for B. tabaci. References Gill, A. 1994. Problemática del complejo mosca blanca-virus en algodón en Centroamérica. In: Mata, M.; Dardón, D. E.; Salguero, V. E. (eds.). Biología y manejo del complejo mosca blanca-virosis. Memorias III Taller Centroamericano y del Caribe sobre mosca blanca, Antigua, GM. p. 23-38. Hidalgo, O.; León, G.; Lindo, O.; Vaugham, M. 1975. Informe de la misión de estudio de la mosca blanca. Banco Nacional de Nicaragua (BNN), Comisión Nacional del Algodón (CONAL), Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería (MAG), Managua, NI. 120 p. 215
Kramer, P. 1966. Serious increase of cotton whitefly and virus transmission in Central America. J. Econ. Entomol. 59:1531. Llano, A.; Munguía, R.; Viana, A. 1997. Perfil de la producción de frijol en Nicaragua. Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuária (INTA)- Programa Cooperativo Regional de Frijol para Centro América, México y el Caribe (PROFRIJOL). 33 p. (Documento de trabajo) Rojas, A.; Kvarnheden, A.; Valkonen, J. P. T. 2000. Geminiviruses infecting tomato crops in Nicaragua. Plant Dis. 84:843-846. 216 Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Sediles, A. 1998. La mosca blanca Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) en Nicaragua: Historia y problemática. Informe Universidad Nacional Agraria (UNA), NI. 23 p. Zamora, M. E. 1996. Identificación de plantas silvestres como reservorios de los virus del mosaico dorado (BGMV) y del mosaico enano (BDMV) del frijol en Pueblo Nuevo, Nicaragua. M.Sc. thesis, Universidad Nacional Agraria, NI. 84 p.
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
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Introduction References Aritua, V.;
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Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
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Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
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Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
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Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
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Benin or disease problem, the main
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Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
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Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
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Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
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Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
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Cameroon Farmers undertook various
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Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
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Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
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Uganda environment, host plant heal
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Uganda local varieties. Assessments
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Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
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Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
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Kenya respective diseases were reco
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Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
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Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
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Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
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Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
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Malawi Increased Biological Underst
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Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
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Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
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Madagascar surprising, particularly
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Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
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Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
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Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
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Factors Associated with Damage Mean
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Factors Associated with Damage % SP
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Factors Associated with Damage thro
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Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
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Conclusions and Recommendations col
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
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Conclusions and Recommendations com
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Conclusions and Recommendations con
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Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
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Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
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SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
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Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
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Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
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Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
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Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
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Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
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Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
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Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
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Kenya Increased Biological Understa
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Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
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Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
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Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
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Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
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Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania The reproductive host plan
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Tanzania Geographical range of whit
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Tanzania Local names given to white
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Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
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Malawi levels of infestation by the
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Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
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Malawi (40%) believe that the white
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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Page 186 and 187: SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
Page 188 and 189: Introduction CHAPTER 3.1 Introducti
Page 190 and 191: Introduction especially for export.
Page 192 and 193: Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
Page 194 and 195: Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
Page 196 and 197: Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
Page 198 and 199: Mexico results of the molecular bio
Page 200 and 201: Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
Page 202 and 203: Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
Page 204 and 205: Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
Page 206 and 207: Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
Page 208 and 209: Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
Page 210 and 211: Guatemala contemplated in this prel
Page 212 and 213: El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
Page 214 and 215: El Salvador During the course of th
Page 216 and 217: El Salvador markets: common bean, m
Page 218 and 219: El Salvador Current Status of White
Page 220 and 221: Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
Page 222 and 223: Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
Page 224 and 225: Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
Page 226 and 227: Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
Page 228 and 229: Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
Page 232 and 233: Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
Page 234 and 235: Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
Page 236 and 237: Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
Page 238 and 239: Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
Page 240 and 241: Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
Page 242 and 243: Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
Page 244 and 245: Haiti collaborators in this project
Page 246 and 247: Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
Page 248 and 249: Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
Page 250 and 251: Cuba project provided three keynote
Page 252 and 253: Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
Page 254 and 255: Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
Page 256 and 257: Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
Page 258 and 259: Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
Page 266 and 267: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
Page 268 and 269: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Page 272 and 273: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
Page 274 and 275: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
Page 276 and 277: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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