Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Introduction especially for export. Second, the disintegration of national agricultural research programs throughout the study region has had a negative impact on the management of whitefly-related production problems. Basically, the lack of technical assistance to control the whitefly vector has left producers in the hands of pesticide vendors. As a consequence, pesticide abuse has resulted, with serious biological and environmental consequences. The economic situation in Latin America has been deteriorating since the late 1970s, when the oil crisis generated a gigantic debt for most countries in the region. Possessing only an incipient industrial capacity, most countries had to resort to the export of non-traditional crops such as soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) and vegetables. This strategy produced complex changes in the region’s agricultural environment that national agricultural research programs in Central America, Mexico or the Caribbean have not addressed. The cropping systems involved have been difficult to analyse in this project because the production losses caused by whitefly-transmitted viruses have forced growers to abandon and replace crops frequently. Nevertheless, the Sub-project partners have been able to document the rapid turnover of crops in whitefly-affected areas and to analyse some of the consequences. Looking Ahead A wealth of information, characterizing problems associated with whiteflytransmitted viruses affecting legumes and horticultural crops in Central America, Mexico and the Caribbean was accumulated during this preliminary phase of the TWF-IPM Project. Considerable progress was made in the use of a geographic information system to analyse the data collected, and in the creation of an interactive system to allow potential users to access these data. The amount of data collected across this diverse region considerably exceeded expectations and further analysis will be required to extract all the valuable information it contains. However, when this task is complete, the knowledge gained will provide a sound foundation for developing and implementing sustainable management strategies for whiteflies and whitefly-borne viruses in the region. Figure 1 shows the areas affected by whitefly-transmitted viruses. In the following chapters, the reader will find a brief description of the different historical, geographic, biological and socio-economic factors that contributed to the emergence of the whitefly B. tabaci as a major pest and vector of viruses (referred to here as geminiviruses or, more specifically, as begomoviruses). Concluding chapters draw together results regarding the biotypes and reproductive hosts of B. tabaci in this region and, based on a synthesis of all results, make recommendations for further research and implementation directed towards achieving more effective and sustainable management of whiteflies and whitefly-borne virus diseases in the region. Acknowledgements The following chapters were written by the senior author based on results obtained at the Plant Virology Laboratory (CIAT, Cali, Colombia) from samples collected by the senior author or collaborators in participating countries, as well as on the available literature and personal observations and experience in the region. Hence, co-authors are not responsible for 175
176 Mexico omissions or errors found in these chapters. Data provided by collaborating national scientists are dutifully acknowledged in the corresponding chapters. Several national scientists and students collaborating in the project conducted socio-economic studies. Most of the survey data presented have been published as theses by their main authors, also included as co-authors in the corresponding chapters. Special acknowledgements are due to the professional personnel of the CIAT Plant Virology Laboratory, who processed most of the samples of whiteflies and viruses analysed in this Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Guatemala El Salvador Costa Rica Honduras Cuba Nicaragua Panama Figure 1. Regions in the Neotropics affected by whitefly-transmitted viruses (shaded areas). Haiti extensive survey: Claritza Gómez, Raúl Sedano, Ana Karine Martínez, Ana Cecilia Velasco, Mauricio Castaño, José Arroyave, Iván Lozano, Natalia Villareal and Maritza Cuervo. Special thanks are due to Ms. María del Pilar Hernández, CIAT’s whitefly taxonomist, for examining all the whitefly specimens collected during this investigation. Last but not least, we recognize the work of Dr. Lee Calvert, who supervised the molecular characterization of B. tabaci biotypes and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) specimens collected during this investigation.
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
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Introduction References Aritua, V.;
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Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
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Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
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Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
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Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
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Benin or disease problem, the main
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Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
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Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
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Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
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Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
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Cameroon Farmers undertook various
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Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
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Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
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Uganda environment, host plant heal
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Uganda local varieties. Assessments
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Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
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Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
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Kenya respective diseases were reco
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Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
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Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
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Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
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Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
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Malawi Increased Biological Underst
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Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
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Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
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Madagascar surprising, particularly
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Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
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Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
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Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
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Factors Associated with Damage Mean
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Factors Associated with Damage % SP
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Factors Associated with Damage thro
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Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
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Conclusions and Recommendations col
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
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Conclusions and Recommendations com
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Conclusions and Recommendations con
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Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
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Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
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SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
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Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
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Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
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Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
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Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
Page 140 and 141: Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
Page 142 and 143: Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
Page 144 and 145: Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
Page 146 and 147: Kenya Increased Biological Understa
Page 148 and 149: Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
Page 150 and 151: Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
Page 152 and 153: Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
Page 154 and 155: Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
Page 156 and 157: Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
Page 158 and 159: Tanzania The reproductive host plan
Page 160 and 161: Tanzania Geographical range of whit
Page 162 and 163: Tanzania Local names given to white
Page 164 and 165: Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
Page 166 and 167: Malawi levels of infestation by the
Page 168 and 169: Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
Page 170 and 171: Malawi (40%) believe that the white
Page 172 and 173: Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
Page 178 and 179: Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
Page 180 and 181: Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
Page 182 and 183: Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
Page 184 and 185: Conclusions and Recommendations the
Page 186 and 187: SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
Page 188 and 189: Introduction CHAPTER 3.1 Introducti
Page 192 and 193: Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
Page 194 and 195: Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
Page 196 and 197: Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
Page 198 and 199: Mexico results of the molecular bio
Page 200 and 201: Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
Page 202 and 203: Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
Page 204 and 205: Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
Page 206 and 207: Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
Page 208 and 209: Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
Page 210 and 211: Guatemala contemplated in this prel
Page 212 and 213: El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
Page 214 and 215: El Salvador During the course of th
Page 216 and 217: El Salvador markets: common bean, m
Page 218 and 219: El Salvador Current Status of White
Page 220 and 221: Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
Page 222 and 223: Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
Page 224 and 225: Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
Page 226 and 227: Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
Page 228 and 229: Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
Page 230 and 231: Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
Page 232 and 233: Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
Page 234 and 235: Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
Page 236 and 237: Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
Page 238 and 239: Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
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Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
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Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
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Haiti collaborators in this project
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Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
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Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Cuba project provided three keynote
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Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
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Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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