Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Malawi Physiology and Ecology in the identification of whitefly species and natural enemies was highly appreciated. References Gregory, P. H. 1948. The multiple infection transformation. Ann. Appl. Biol. 35:412-417. Harrison, B. D. 1987. Properties and geographical variation of geminivirus isolates from mosaicaffected cassava. In: African cassava mosaic disease and its control. Procs. International Seminar, 4-8 May 1987, Yamoussoukro, CI. Centre Technique de Coopération Agricole et Rurale, Wageningen, NL, and Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Dévéloppement en Coopération, Paris, FR. p. 270. Nyirenda, G. K. C.; Munthali, D. C; Phiri, G. S. N.; Sauti, R. F. N.; Gerling, D. 1993. Integrated pest management of Bemisia spp. whiteflies in Malawi. Makoka Research Station, Thondwe, MW. 71
CHAPTER 1.10 72 Madagascar Introduction Cassava mosaic disease (CMD), caused by cassava mosaic begomoviruses transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) and through virusinfected planting material (Harrison, 1987), is the most important viral disease of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) in Madagascar. The disease was first reported in Madagascar in 1932, although it was of only minor importance at this time (François, 1937). Epidemics were first reported in 1934, from an area to the west of Lake Alatroa on the central plateau and, between this time and the end of the 1930s, the epidemic spread to cover all cassava-growing areas of the island (Cours, 1951). Symptoms in local varieties were very severe and cassava cultivation was abandoned on a wide scale. The impact was so great that the government ordered urgent attention to be given to the problem (Frappa, 1938) and a major programme for the development of resistant varieties was initiated (Cours, 1951; Cours-Darne, 1968). The first of these varieties was widely disseminated in the mid-1940s. Since this time, CMD appears to have * Laboratoire de Pathologie Végétale, Ambatobe, Madagascar. ** International Institute of Tropical Agriculture-Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Center (IITA-ESARC), Kampala, Uganda. Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Sahondramalala Ranomenjanahary*, Jocelyn Ramelison* and Peter Sseruwagi** become a problem of relatively minor significance. Sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD) results from co-infection of sweetpotato (Ipomoea batatas [L.] Lam.) by whiteflytransmitted Sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus and aphid-transmitted Sweetpotato feathery mottle virus (Gibson et al., 1998). SPVD has not been reported as a major problem in Madagascar, although the country is one of the largest producers of sweetpotato in Africa. In order to provide a basic understanding of the incidence of whiteflies, CMD and SPVD in Madagascar, a study was conducted in four survey areas that represent the major cassava and sweetpotato growing areas: Antananarivo (central midaltitude plateau), Fianarantsoa (eastern humid coast), Toliara (south-western semi-arid coast) and Mahajanga (northern sub-humid coast) (Figure 1). This initial phase of the study aimed at documenting the status of whiteflies and whitefly-transmitted viruses and at describing producer knowledge of these problems on cassava and sweetpotato, with a view to prioritizing further actions and eventually developing integrated management strategies to tackle the most serious problems identified. The survey was carried out during the months of June and August 1998.
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
Page 36 and 37: Introduction References Aritua, V.;
Page 38 and 39: Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
Page 40 and 41: Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
Page 42 and 43: Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
Page 44 and 45: Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
Page 46 and 47: Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
Page 48 and 49: Benin or disease problem, the main
Page 50 and 51: Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
Page 52 and 53: Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
Page 54 and 55: Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
Page 56 and 57: Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
Page 58 and 59: Cameroon Farmers undertook various
Page 60 and 61: Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
Page 62 and 63: Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
Page 64 and 65: Uganda environment, host plant heal
Page 66 and 67: Uganda local varieties. Assessments
Page 68 and 69: Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
Page 70 and 71: Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
Page 72 and 73: Kenya respective diseases were reco
Page 74 and 75: Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
Page 76 and 77: Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
Page 78 and 79: Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
Page 80 and 81: Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
Page 82 and 83: Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
Page 84 and 85: Malawi Increased Biological Underst
Page 88 and 89: Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
Page 90 and 91: Madagascar surprising, particularly
Page 92 and 93: Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
Page 98 and 99: Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
Page 104 and 105: Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
Page 106 and 107: Factors Associated with Damage Mean
Page 108 and 109: Factors Associated with Damage % SP
Page 110 and 111: Factors Associated with Damage thro
Page 112 and 113: Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
Page 114 and 115: Conclusions and Recommendations col
Page 116 and 117: Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
Page 118 and 119: Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
Page 120 and 121: Conclusions and Recommendations com
Page 122 and 123: Conclusions and Recommendations con
Page 124 and 125: Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
Page 126 and 127: Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
Page 128 and 129: SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
Page 130 and 131: Introduction CHAPTER 2.1 Introducti
Page 132 and 133: Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
Page 134 and 135: Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
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Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
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Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
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Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
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Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
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Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
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Kenya Increased Biological Understa
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Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
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Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
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Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
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Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
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Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania The reproductive host plan
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Tanzania Geographical range of whit
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Tanzania Local names given to white
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Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
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Malawi levels of infestation by the
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Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
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Malawi (40%) believe that the white
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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
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Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
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Conclusions and Recommendations the
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SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
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Introduction especially for export.
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Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
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Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
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Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
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Mexico results of the molecular bio
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Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
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Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
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Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
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Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
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Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
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Guatemala contemplated in this prel
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El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
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El Salvador During the course of th
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El Salvador markets: common bean, m
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El Salvador Current Status of White
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Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
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Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
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Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
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Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
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Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
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Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
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Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
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Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
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Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
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Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
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Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
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Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
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Haiti collaborators in this project
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Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
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Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Cuba project provided three keynote
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Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
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Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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