Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). 1989. Production year book. Rome, IT. Gregory, P. H. 1948. The multiple infection transformation. Ann. Appl. Biol. 35:412-417. Hahn, S. K.; Terry, E. R.; Leuschner, K. 1980. Breeding cassava for resistance to cassava mosaic disease. Euphytica 29:673-683. Hahn, S. K.; Terry, E. R.; Leuschner, K.; Singh, T. P. 1981. Cassava improvement strategies for resistance to major economic diseases and pests in Africa. In: Procs. Triennial Root Crops Symposium, 1980, International Development Research Centre (IDRC), Ottawa, CA. p. 279. IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture). 1997. Ecologically Sustainable Cassava Plant Protection (ESCaPP) diagnostic survey results: Dry and wet season plant protection summaries. Ibadan, NG. IITA (International Institute of Tropical Agriculture). 1998. Ecologically Sustainable Cassava Plant Protection (ESCaPP) in South America and Africa. Africa: Project findings and recommendations. Ibadan, NG. James, B. D.; Legg, J. P.; Gbaguidi, J. B.; Annang, D.; Asiabaka, C. C.; Cudjoe, A. R.; Echendu, T. N. C.; Maroya, N. G.; Ntonifor, N.; Ogbe, F.; Salawu, R. A.; Tumanteh, J. A. 1998. Understanding farm-level epidemiology of cassava mosaic disease. In: Abstracts, 7th Triennial Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops- Africa Branch (ISTRC-AB), 11-17 October 1998, Cotonou, BJ. p. 122. Jerath, M. L. 1967. A review of 50 years applied entomology in Nigeria: Root crops. Entomol. Soc. Niger. p. 5-12. Legg, J. P.; Gibson, R. W.; Otim-Nape, G. W. 1994. Genetic polymorphism amongst Ugandan populations of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), vector of African cassava mosaic geminivirus. Trop. Sci. 34:73-81. Legg, J. P.; James, B. D.; Cudjoe, A.; Saizonou, S.; Gbaguidi, B.; Ogbe, F.; Ntonifor, N.; Ogwal, S.; Thresh, J.; Hughes, J. 1997. A regional collaborative approach to the study of ACMD epidemiology in sub-Saharan Africa. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 3:1021-1033. Nweke, F. I.; Lynam, J. K. 1997. Cassava in Africa. Afr. J. Root Tuber Crops 2:10-13. Ogbe, F. O.; Atiri, G. I.; Thottappilly, G.; Dixon, A. G. O.; Mignouna, H. D.; Quin, F. M. 1998. Evidence of double infection and random occurrence of cassava begomoviruses in sub- Saharan Africa. In: Procs. 7th Triennial Symposium of the International Society for Tropical Root Crops-Africa Branch (ISTRC- AB), 11-17 October 1988, Cotonou, BJ. p. 524-529. Sotomey, M.; James, B. D.; Gbaguidi, B. 1995. Les espèces de Bemisia sur le manioc en Afrique occidentale et centrale. In: 11th Meeting and Scientific Conference of the African Association of Insect Scientists, 6-11 August 1995, Yamoussoukro, CI. p. 4. Swanson, M. M.; Harrison, B. D. 1994. Properties, relationships and distribution of cassava mosaic geminiviruses. Trop. Sci. 34:15-25. Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Nape, G. W.; Legg, J. P.; Fargette, D. 1997. African cassava mosaic disease: The magnitude of the problem? Afr. J. Root Tuber Crops 2:13-19. Yaninek, J. S.; James, B. D.; Bieler, P. 1994. Ecologically Sustainable Cassava Plant Protection (ESCaPP): A model for environmentally sound pest management in Africa. Afr. Crop Sci. J. 2:553-562. 39
CHAPTER 1.5 40 Cameroon Introduction Cassava mosaic begomoviruses transmitted by Bemisia tabaci and causing cassava mosaic disease (CMD) are among the most important vector-borne pathogens of crop plants in sub-Saharan Africa (Geddes, 1990). Yield losses attributable to CMD are estimated at 28%-40% (Thresh et al., 1994). Fauquet and Fargette (1990) reported yield losses ranging from 20% to 95% for particular varieties of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) under specific conditions. The incidence and effects of CMD in different ecozones are influenced by environmental factors, the intensity of cassava cultivation, the relative susceptibility and sensitivity to infection of cassava genotypes grown, and the virulence and abundance of virus and vector species (Fargette and Thresh, 1994). Disease epidemiology may be influenced also by the incidence of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), the principal vector of CMD, and of B. afer (Priesner and Hosny), a non-vector species that also occurs on cassava (Robertson, 1987; * Department of Biological Sciences, University of Buea, Cameroon. ** International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA), Biological Control Center for Africa, Cotonou, Benin. *** Institute of Agricultural Research for Development, Ekona, Cameroon. Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Nelson Ntonifor*, Braima James**, Brice Gbaguidi** and Ambe Tumanteh*** Fishpool and Burban, 1994; Legg, 1995), as well as by man through the transport and replanting of infected cassava cuttings. In Cameroon, Fondong et al. (1997), using infection of initially CMD-free cuttings as an indicator, showed that the spread of the disease was more rapid in the lowland forest than in the midaltitude forest and savannah areas. It was also observed that CMD spreads faster in monocultures of cassava or when cassava is intercropped with cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) than in cassava intercropped with maize (Zea mays L.) (Fondong et al., 1997). In a regional CMD epidemiology trial covering Benin, Cameroon, Ghana and Nigeria, varietal differences in the rate of CMD infection were observed among improved and local varieties (James et al., 1998). Given that many factors influence CMD epidemiology, a detailed understanding of the various cassava agro-ecologies, the associated whitefly species composition and the cultivation practices of the farmers may be helpful in designing the most appropriate CMD control strategy. Furthermore, since the disease is prevalent in almost all the major cassava production areas of Africa, potential advantages are to be gained in collecting such baseline data from different areas using a common
Page 2 and 3:
About the Partners CIAT The Interna
Page 4 and 5: Centro Internacional de Agricultura
Page 6 and 7: Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
Page 8 and 9: Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
Page 10 and 11: Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
Page 12 and 13: Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
Page 14 and 15: Foreword This book is the product o
Page 16 and 17: Introduction Introduction The Probl
Page 18 and 19: Introduction In addition to the yie
Page 20 and 21: Introduction in pesticide use in La
Page 22 and 23: Introduction annual crops, especial
Page 24 and 25: Introduction Plant Resistance contr
Page 26 and 27: Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
Page 28 and 29: SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
Page 30 and 31: Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
Page 32 and 33: Introduction diseases than is cassa
Page 34 and 35: Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
Page 36 and 37: Introduction References Aritua, V.;
Page 38 and 39: Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
Page 40 and 41: Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
Page 42 and 43: Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
Page 44 and 45: Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
Page 46 and 47: Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
Page 48 and 49: Benin or disease problem, the main
Page 50 and 51: Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
Page 52 and 53: Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
Page 56 and 57: Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
Page 58 and 59: Cameroon Farmers undertook various
Page 60 and 61: Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
Page 62 and 63: Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
Page 64 and 65: Uganda environment, host plant heal
Page 66 and 67: Uganda local varieties. Assessments
Page 68 and 69: Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
Page 70 and 71: Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
Page 72 and 73: Kenya respective diseases were reco
Page 74 and 75: Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
Page 76 and 77: Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
Page 78 and 79: Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
Page 80 and 81: Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
Page 82 and 83: Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
Page 84 and 85: Malawi Increased Biological Underst
Page 86 and 87: Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
Page 88 and 89: Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
Page 90 and 91: Madagascar surprising, particularly
Page 92 and 93: Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
Page 98 and 99: Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
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Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
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Factors Associated with Damage Mean
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Factors Associated with Damage % SP
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Factors Associated with Damage thro
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Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
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Conclusions and Recommendations col
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
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Conclusions and Recommendations com
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Conclusions and Recommendations con
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Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
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Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
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SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
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Introduction CHAPTER 2.1 Introducti
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Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
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Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
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Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
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Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
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Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
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Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
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Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
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Kenya Increased Biological Understa
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Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
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Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
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Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
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Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
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Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania The reproductive host plan
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Tanzania Geographical range of whit
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Tanzania Local names given to white
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Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
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Malawi levels of infestation by the
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Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
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Malawi (40%) believe that the white
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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
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Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
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Conclusions and Recommendations the
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SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
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Introduction especially for export.
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Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
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Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
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Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
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Mexico results of the molecular bio
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Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
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Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
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Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
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Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
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Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
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Guatemala contemplated in this prel
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El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
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El Salvador During the course of th
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El Salvador markets: common bean, m
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El Salvador Current Status of White
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Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
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Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
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Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
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Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
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Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
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Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
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Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
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Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
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Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
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Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
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Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
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Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
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Haiti collaborators in this project
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Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
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Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Cuba project provided three keynote
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Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
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Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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