Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Kenya Increased Biological Understanding Characterization of begomoviruses and whitefly biotypes During the surveys in Kenya, 325 collections of whitefly adults and nymphs were made. From these, 549 specimens of whitefly nymphs were mounted on 310 slides and identified to species level. Most of the whiteflies collected were B. tabaci (57%), while Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) represented 34%. B. afer (Priesner and Hosney) were occasionally found (7%) in fields of cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) adjacent to tomato fields. A number of other whitefly species (2%) also were encountered, including Trialeurodes ricini (Misra), A. floccosus, Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) and Bemisia spp. Table 2 shows the composition of whitefly species based on the identified specimens from each Province. Disease incidence and symptom severity Whiteflies in the surveyed farms were found breeding on host plants that belong to the following families: Acanthaceae, Amaranthaceae, Asteraceae, Commelinaceae, Convolvulaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lamiaceae, Leguminosae, Malvaceae, Rutaceae, Solanaceae and Verbenaceae (Table 3). Surprisingly, whiteflies were found breeding only occasionally on tomato in Kenya. In Muranga, Kiambu and Mwea Districts in Central Province, it was difficult to find a single whitefly nymph in a whole tomato field. In these areas, whiteflies, mainly T. vaporariorum, were found breeding on crops such as common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and cassava and on non-cultivated plants, most significantly Euphorbia heterophylla L., in all areas surveyed. However, in Kihara (Nairobi) and Kigumo (Muranga) in Central Province and in Nguruman in Rift Valley Province, whiteflies, mainly T. vaporariorum, were found breeding readily on tomato. Host plant feeding preference and status as reproductive hosts (oviposition and offspring survival) of B. tabaci was studied in field cages at the International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, in 1997 using adult insects collected from a tomato field nearby. Among the four host plants studied, common bean was the most preferred host plant, followed by lablab (Lablab purpureus [L.] Sweet), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata [L.] Walp.) and okra (Abelmoschus esculentus [L.] Moench). There were significant differences between plants with regard to the parameters tested. These results concur with observations in the field during the survey. Table 2. Species composition (%) of whitefly samples from surveyed regions of Kenya. Province Species composition a B.t. T.v. B.a. T.r. A.f. S.p. Eastern 61 29 6 0 0 4 Rift Valley 20 80 0 0 0 0 Central 35 60 4 1 0 0 Coast 79 0 21 0 0 0 Western 90 0 7 3 0 0 Nyanza 79 6 5 0 10 0 a. B.t., Bemisia tabaci; T.v., Trialeurodes vaporariorum; B.a., Bemisia afer; T.r., Trialeurodes ricini; A.f., Aleurothrixus floccosus; S.p., Siphoninus phillyreae. 131
Table 3. Reproductive host plants of whitefly species encountered during surveys in Kenya. Whitefly species Crops Non-cultivated hosts Family Species Family Species Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Convolvulaceae Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam. Acanthaceae Asystasia schimperi T. Anders. Cucurbitaceae Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum & Nakai Amaranthaceae Achyranthes aspera L. Cucurbita pepo L. Achyranthes sicula L. Momordica charantia L. Asteraceae Ageratum conyzoides L. Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculenta Crantz Aspilia mossambicensis (Oliv.) Wild Leguminosae Crotalaria sp. Bidens pilosa L. Lablab purpureus (L.) Sweet Emilia discifolia (Oliv.) C. Jeffrey Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. Galinsoga parviflora Cav. Crotalaria sp. Gutenbergia cordifolia Benth. ex Oliv. Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray Phaseolus vulgaris L. Commelinaceae Commelina benghalensis L. Lamiaceae Ocimum basilicum L. Convolvulacea Ipomoea tricolor Cav. Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Jacquemontia tamnifolia (L). Griseb. Gossypium hirsutum L. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia heterophylla L. Solanaceae Capsicum annuum L. Leguminosae Rhynchosia hirta (Andrews) Meikle & Verdc. Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Lamiaceae Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. Solanum melongena L. Ocimum kilimandsharicum Guerke Malvaceae Sida acuta Burm f. Solanaceae Datura stramonium L. Nicandra physalodes (L.) Gaertn. Verbenaceae Lantana camara L. Asteraceae Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray 132 Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) Cucurbitaceae Cucurbita spp. Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia heterophylla L. Momordica charantia L. Leguminosae Phaseolus vulgaris L. Malvaceae Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Solanum melongela L. Bemisia afer (Priesner and Hosney) Convolvulaceae Ipomoea batatas L. Lam. Leguminosae Phaseolus vulgaris L. Malvaceae Gossypium hirsutum L. Asteraceae Tithonia diversifolia (Hemsl.) A. Gray Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Lamiaceae Leonotis nepetifolia (L.) R. Br. Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) Rutaceae Citrus spp. Siphoninus phillyreae (Haliday) Unidentified tree
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
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Introduction References Aritua, V.;
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Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
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Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
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Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
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Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
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Benin or disease problem, the main
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Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
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Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
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Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
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Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
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Cameroon Farmers undertook various
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Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
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Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
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Uganda environment, host plant heal
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Uganda local varieties. Assessments
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Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
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Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
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Kenya respective diseases were reco
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Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
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Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
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Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
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Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
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Malawi Increased Biological Underst
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Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
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Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
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Madagascar surprising, particularly
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Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
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Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
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Page 98 and 99: Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
Page 104 and 105: Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
Page 106 and 107: Factors Associated with Damage Mean
Page 108 and 109: Factors Associated with Damage % SP
Page 110 and 111: Factors Associated with Damage thro
Page 112 and 113: Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
Page 114 and 115: Conclusions and Recommendations col
Page 116 and 117: Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
Page 118 and 119: Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
Page 120 and 121: Conclusions and Recommendations com
Page 122 and 123: Conclusions and Recommendations con
Page 124 and 125: Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
Page 126 and 127: Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
Page 128 and 129: SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
Page 130 and 131: Introduction CHAPTER 2.1 Introducti
Page 132 and 133: Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
Page 134 and 135: Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
Page 136 and 137: Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
Page 138 and 139: Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
Page 140 and 141: Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
Page 142 and 143: Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
Page 144 and 145: Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
Page 148 and 149: Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
Page 150 and 151: Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
Page 152 and 153: Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
Page 154 and 155: Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
Page 156 and 157: Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
Page 158 and 159: Tanzania The reproductive host plan
Page 160 and 161: Tanzania Geographical range of whit
Page 162 and 163: Tanzania Local names given to white
Page 164 and 165: Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
Page 166 and 167: Malawi levels of infestation by the
Page 168 and 169: Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
Page 170 and 171: Malawi (40%) believe that the white
Page 172 and 173: Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
Page 178 and 179: Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
Page 180 and 181: Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
Page 182 and 183: Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
Page 184 and 185: Conclusions and Recommendations the
Page 186 and 187: SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
Page 188 and 189: Introduction CHAPTER 3.1 Introducti
Page 190 and 191: Introduction especially for export.
Page 192 and 193: Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
Page 194 and 195: Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
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Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
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Mexico results of the molecular bio
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Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
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Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
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Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
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Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
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Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
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Guatemala contemplated in this prel
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El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
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El Salvador During the course of th
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El Salvador markets: common bean, m
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El Salvador Current Status of White
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Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
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Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
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Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
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Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
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Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
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Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
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Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
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Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
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Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
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Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
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Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
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Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
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Haiti collaborators in this project
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Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
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Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Cuba project provided three keynote
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Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
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Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction CHAPTER 4.1 Introducti
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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