Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Malawi levels of infestation by the citrus woolly whitefly Aleurothrixus floccosus (Maskell) also have been recorded in regions of the country growing citrus (Citrus spp. L.) (Löhr, 1996). Although whiteflies were suspected of transmitting viral diseases in vegetable crops, especially tomato, no reliable information on this subject was available from Malawi prior to the survey conducted under the Tropical Whitefly Integrated Pest Management (TWF-IPM) Project. The occurrence of whitefly species, their geographical distribution and their natural enemies in the vegetable cropping system also were unknown. Increased Biological Understanding Characterization of begomoviruses and whitefly biotypes Selection of survey sites and other methodologies followed the standards agreed with other project partners. Questionnaires were used to gather information from vegetable producers. The incidence of plants affected by tomato yellow leaf curl was estimated on their farms, whiteflies were sampled for species identification and parasitoids and suspected natural enemies were collected. During the surveys, 130 collections of adults and nymphs of whiteflies were made. Of these, 159 specimens were processed and mounted on 67 slides. Preliminary identification carried out at the International Center of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE) revealed that Bemisia afer (Priesner and Hosney) is the most prevalent species in the country, accounting for 67% of samples identified. Of the remaining specimens, B. tabaci comprised 30%, and Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), T. ricini (Misra) and Aleyrodes proletella (Linnaeus) 1% each. The species composition of samples from the various areas surveyed is reported in Table 1. Table 1. Species composition (%) of whitefly samples collected in tomatoproducing regions of Malawi. Province Species composition a B.a. B.t. T.v. T.r. A.p. Dedza 56 34 5 0 5 Lilongwe 86 14 0 0 0 Mzimba 86 14 0 0 0 Mzuzu 100 0 0 0 0 Nkhata Bay 53 47 0 0 0 Ntcheu 55 15 10 20 0 Salima 33 67 0 0 0 Thyolo 54 42 0 0 4 a. B.a., Bemisia afer; B.t., B. tabaci; T.v., Trialeurodes vaporariorum; T.r., T. ricini; A.p., Aleyrodes proletella. The reproductive host plants from which whitefly nymphs were collected belong to the families Solanaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Leguminosae and Verbenaceae (Table 2). B. tabaci was found breeding on tomato in only a few areas. Symptoms of tomato yellow leaf curl were observed in most of the surveyed sites. Samples of about 10 plants per field were collected from all the affected farms, squashed on nylon membranes and sent to the John Innes Centre (JIC) for hybridization. The results confirmed the presence of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). Disease incidence and symptom severity Areas identified as “hot spots” (high incidence of TYLCV) include Dedza, Mzimba, Thyolo and Ntcheu (Figure 1). The highest incidences of TYLCV were observed at altitudes ranging from 1085 to 1485 m (Table 3). 151
152 Table 2. Reproductive host plants of whitefly species recorded in Malawi. Whitefly species Crops Non-cultivated hosts Family Species Family Species Bemisia afer (Priesner and Hosney) Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculenta Crantz Leguminosae Phaseolus vulgaris L. Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculenta Crantz Euphorbiaceae Euphorbia heterophylla L. Leguminosae Mucuna deeringiana (Bort.) Merr. Verbenaceae Lantana camara L. Phaseolus vulgaris L. Solanaceae Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) Leguminosae Phaseolus vulgaris L. Trialeurodes ricini (Misra) Leguminosae Phaseolus vulgaris L. Aleyrodes proletella (Linnaeus) Leguminosae Mucuna deeringiana (Bort.) Merr.
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
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Introduction References Aritua, V.;
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Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
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Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
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Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
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Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
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Benin or disease problem, the main
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Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
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Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
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Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
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Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
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Cameroon Farmers undertook various
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Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
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Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
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Uganda environment, host plant heal
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Uganda local varieties. Assessments
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Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
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Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
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Kenya respective diseases were reco
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Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
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Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
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Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
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Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
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Malawi Increased Biological Underst
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Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
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Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
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Madagascar surprising, particularly
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Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
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Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
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Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
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Factors Associated with Damage Mean
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Factors Associated with Damage % SP
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Factors Associated with Damage thro
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Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
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Conclusions and Recommendations col
Page 116 and 117: Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
Page 118 and 119: Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
Page 120 and 121: Conclusions and Recommendations com
Page 122 and 123: Conclusions and Recommendations con
Page 124 and 125: Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
Page 126 and 127: Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
Page 128 and 129: SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
Page 130 and 131: Introduction CHAPTER 2.1 Introducti
Page 132 and 133: Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
Page 134 and 135: Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
Page 136 and 137: Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
Page 138 and 139: Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
Page 140 and 141: Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
Page 142 and 143: Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
Page 144 and 145: Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
Page 146 and 147: Kenya Increased Biological Understa
Page 148 and 149: Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
Page 150 and 151: Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
Page 152 and 153: Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
Page 154 and 155: Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
Page 156 and 157: Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
Page 158 and 159: Tanzania The reproductive host plan
Page 160 and 161: Tanzania Geographical range of whit
Page 162 and 163: Tanzania Local names given to white
Page 164 and 165: Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
Page 168 and 169: Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
Page 170 and 171: Malawi (40%) believe that the white
Page 172 and 173: Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
Page 178 and 179: Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
Page 180 and 181: Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
Page 182 and 183: Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
Page 184 and 185: Conclusions and Recommendations the
Page 186 and 187: SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
Page 188 and 189: Introduction CHAPTER 3.1 Introducti
Page 190 and 191: Introduction especially for export.
Page 192 and 193: Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
Page 194 and 195: Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
Page 196 and 197: Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
Page 198 and 199: Mexico results of the molecular bio
Page 200 and 201: Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
Page 202 and 203: Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
Page 204 and 205: Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
Page 206 and 207: Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
Page 208 and 209: Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
Page 210 and 211: Guatemala contemplated in this prel
Page 212 and 213: El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
Page 214 and 215: El Salvador During the course of th
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El Salvador markets: common bean, m
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El Salvador Current Status of White
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Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
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Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
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Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
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Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
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Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
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Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
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Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
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Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
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Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
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Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
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Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
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Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
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Haiti collaborators in this project
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Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
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Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Cuba project provided three keynote
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Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
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Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction CHAPTER 4.1 Introducti
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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