Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Introduction diseases than is cassava, although, as with cassava, few are of major economic importance. The most important pests include the sweetpotato weevil (Cylas spp.), the striped sweetpotato weevil (Alcidodes dentipes [Oliver]), the sweetpotato butterfly (Acraea acerata Hewitson), leaf blight (Alternaria spp.) and sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD). The latter has been ranked as the single most important constraint to sweetpotato production in the East African region and is the most important disease throughout Africa (Geddes, 1990). It results from co-infection of sweetpotato plants with the aphid-borne Sweetpotato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV) and the B. tabaci-borne Sweetpotato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV) (Schaefers and Terry, 1976; Gibson et al., 1998). Status of CMD and SPVD Research Since its description more than a century ago, CMD has received significant research attention. Fauquet and Fargette (1990) and Thresh et al. (1994; 1998) have reviewed a wide range of studies on the biological and molecular characterization, etiology, epidemiology, yield loss and control of these viruses. Fishpool and Burban (1994) and Legg (1994) have reviewed studies on B. tabaci as the vector of cassava mosaic geminiviruses, including work on biotype characterization, population dynamics, virus transmission and movement within cassava fields. The emergence of a severe form of CMD in the 1990s (Otim-Nape et al., 1997; Legg and Ogwal, 1998; Legg, 1999) has had a devastating effect on cassava cultivation across a large area of East and Central Africa. Rapid expansion of the pandemic has been associated with a new, more virulent, cassava mosaic begomovirus (Deng et al., 1997; Zhou et al., 1997). Super-abundant B. tabaci populations associated with the pandemic also have been shown to result from a synergistic interaction with severely CMD-diseased cassava plants, in which the diseased plants appear to promote B. tabaci population increase, possibly through the disease improving the food quality of the plant for B. tabaci (Colvin et al., 1999). However, evidence has been presented for a link between a distinct B. tabaci genotype cluster and the pandemic in Uganda (Legg et al., 2002). In contrast to CMD, knowledge of SPVD and the role of B. tabaci in the ecology of the disease is extremely limited. Studies have been restricted largely to virus characterization, etiology and transmission, virus-virus interactions, and yield loss assessments (Schaefers and Terry, 1976; Hahn, 1979; Gibson et al., 1997; 1998). Although the disease is known to occur widely in sub-Saharan Africa, virtually nothing is known about its prevalence in the major sweetpotato cultivation areas and at the inception of this study published incidence data were available only for Uganda (Aritua et al., 1998). Although significant progress had been made previously in characterizing whitefly-transmitted viruses and whiteflies associated with CMD and SPVD, at the time of launching the present study, significant gaps in understanding remained (Table 1). This was most apparent for B. tabaci, where very little research other than one-time assessments of abundance and limited population dynamics studies had been done outside Uganda and the Ivory Coast. 17
18 Table 1. Scope of published work in sub-Saharan Africa for key fields of cassava mosaic disease (CMD) and sweetpotato virus disease (SPVD) research at time of starting present study in Project target countries of sub-Saharan Africa. Disease Country Research topic a Virus Bemisia tabaci CMD/SPVD B. tabaci CMD/SPVD CMD/SPVD Farmer Natural enemies characterisation characterisation prevalence abundance epidemiology yield losses perceptions of B. tabaci CMD Uganda (+) (+) + + + + (+) (+) Kenya (+) - (+) (+) + + - - Tanzania (+) - + + (+) - - - Malawi (+) - - - - - - - Madagascar (+) - - - - - - - Ghana (+) - + + - - (+) - Benin (+) - + + - - (+) - Nigeria (+) - + + + + (+) - Cameroon (+) - + + + + (+) - Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics SPVD Uganda + - + - (+) + - - Kenya + - + - - - - - Tanzania (+) - - - - - - - Malawi - - - - - - - - Madagascar - - - - - - - - a. + Published literature available; (+) Limited study published; - No published literature available.
Page 2 and 3: About the Partners CIAT The Interna
Page 4 and 5: Centro Internacional de Agricultura
Page 6 and 7: Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
Page 8 and 9: Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
Page 10 and 11: Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
Page 12 and 13: Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
Page 14 and 15: Foreword This book is the product o
Page 16 and 17: Introduction Introduction The Probl
Page 18 and 19: Introduction In addition to the yie
Page 20 and 21: Introduction in pesticide use in La
Page 22 and 23: Introduction annual crops, especial
Page 24 and 25: Introduction Plant Resistance contr
Page 26 and 27: Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
Page 28 and 29: SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
Page 30 and 31: Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
Page 34 and 35: Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
Page 36 and 37: Introduction References Aritua, V.;
Page 38 and 39: Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
Page 40 and 41: Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
Page 42 and 43: Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
Page 44 and 45: Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
Page 46 and 47: Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
Page 48 and 49: Benin or disease problem, the main
Page 50 and 51: Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
Page 52 and 53: Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
Page 54 and 55: Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
Page 56 and 57: Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
Page 58 and 59: Cameroon Farmers undertook various
Page 60 and 61: Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
Page 62 and 63: Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
Page 64 and 65: Uganda environment, host plant heal
Page 66 and 67: Uganda local varieties. Assessments
Page 68 and 69: Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
Page 70 and 71: Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
Page 72 and 73: Kenya respective diseases were reco
Page 74 and 75: Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
Page 76 and 77: Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
Page 78 and 79: Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
Page 80 and 81: Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
Page 82 and 83:
Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
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Malawi Increased Biological Underst
Page 86 and 87:
Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
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Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
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Madagascar surprising, particularly
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Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
Page 94 and 95:
Page 96 and 97:
Page 98 and 99:
Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
Page 100 and 101:
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Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
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Factors Associated with Damage Mean
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Factors Associated with Damage % SP
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Factors Associated with Damage thro
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Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
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Conclusions and Recommendations col
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
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Conclusions and Recommendations com
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Conclusions and Recommendations con
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Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
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Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
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SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
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Introduction CHAPTER 2.1 Introducti
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Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
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Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
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Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
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Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
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Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
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Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
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Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
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Kenya Increased Biological Understa
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Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
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Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
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Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
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Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
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Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania The reproductive host plan
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Tanzania Geographical range of whit
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Tanzania Local names given to white
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Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
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Malawi levels of infestation by the
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Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
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Malawi (40%) believe that the white
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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
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Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
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Conclusions and Recommendations the
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SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
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Introduction especially for export.
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Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
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Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
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Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
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Mexico results of the molecular bio
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Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
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Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
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Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
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Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
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Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
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Guatemala contemplated in this prel
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El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
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El Salvador During the course of th
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El Salvador markets: common bean, m
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El Salvador Current Status of White
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Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
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Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
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Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
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Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
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Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
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Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
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Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
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Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
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Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
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Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
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Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
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Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
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Haiti collaborators in this project
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Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
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Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Cuba project provided three keynote
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Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
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Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Page 264 and 265:
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Page 304 and 305:
Page 306 and 307:
Page 308 and 309:
Page 310 and 311:
Page 312 and 313:
Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Page 322 and 323:
Page 324 and 325:
Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
Page 338 and 339:
Page 340 and 341:
Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Page 344 and 345:
Page 346 and 347:
Page 348 and 349:
Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Page 354 and 355:
Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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