Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movimiento diario de Bemisia tabaci en parcelas de tomate, diseminación local del mosaico amarillo y fuentes de inoculo del ToYMV-CR en Guayabo, Costa Rica. M.Sc. thesis, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba, CR. 93 p. Gámez, R. 1970. El virus del moteado amarillo del frijol, plantas hospederas y efecto en producción. In: XV Reunión Annual PCCMCA, Antigua Guatemala, GT. p. 44-48. Hilje, L. 1997. Posibilidades para el manejo integrado del complejo Bemisia tabaci-geminivirus en Costa Rica. Agron. Costarricense 21: 139-142. Idris, A. M.; Rivas-Platero, G.; Torres- Jerez, I.; Brown, J. K. 1999. First report of Sinaloa tomato leaf curl geminivirus in Costa Rica. Plant Dis. 83:303. Pastor, R. 1988. Historia de Centroamérica. Editorial Piedra Santa, GT. 272 p. Vallejos, J. E. 1997. Sistema experto para la evaluación del impacto del complejo Bemisia tabacigeminivirus, en frijol, tomate y chile dulce con fines de planificación. M.Sc. Thesis, Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza (CATIE), Turrialba, CR. 109 p. West, R. C.; Augelli, J. P. 1977. Middle America: Its lands and peoples. Second edition. Prentice-Hall, NJ, USA. 494 p. 221
CHAPTER 3.8 222 Panama Introduction Geographical context Most of the Panamanian territory receives tropical rains in excess of 2500 mm/yr, a climatic factor known to drastically reduce whitefly populations. Nevertheless, during the first (1992) workshop on whiteflies in Central America and the Caribbean, held in Costa Rica, Panama was already present (Zachrisson and Poveda, 1992). According to the report presented by the Panamanian delegate at that meeting, the emergence of whiteflies as agricultural pests in Panama was associated with the expansion of non-traditional crops, mainly melon (Cucumis melo L.), for export to the United States. Three horticultural areas were developed in the late 1980s: the Pacific Coast of the province of Panama; the central provinces of Coclé, Herrera and Los Santos (the largest); and the western province of Chiriquí, near the Costa Rican border (Zachrisson and Poveda, 1992; Delgado, 1994). These regions have in common the presence of a welldefined dry period and below-average precipitation during the year. Figure 1 * Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia. ** Instituto de Investigación Agropecuaria de Panamá (IDIAP). † R.I.P. Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Francisco Morales*, Orencio Fernández** † and José Guerra** shows the main agricultural regions affected by whitefly-transmitted begomoviruses. The emergence of Bemisia tabaci as a pest and virus vector The presence of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) on tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was first observed in the Azuero Peninsula in 1983. However, it was not until 1991, when unusually dry climatic conditions favoured the reproduction of B. tabaci, that this whitefly species became a pest in the central provinces of Panama. B. tabaci has been observed to reproduce in eggplant (Solanum melongena L.), sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum) and chilli pepper (Capsicum spp. L.). In 1992, the silver leaf symptom was observed on squash (Cucurbita spp. L.) attacked by B. tabaci, which suggested the presence of biotype B in Panama. The western horticultural zone, located in Chiriquí Province, is at a higher elevation and receives more rainfall than the other two horticultural zones of Panama. The problem pest in this area is not so much B. tabaci as Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood), a whitefly species that attacks horticultural crops at altitudes above 1000 m (Zachrisson and Poveda, 1992). In Panama, common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is cultivated in
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
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Introduction References Aritua, V.;
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Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
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Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
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Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
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Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
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Benin or disease problem, the main
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Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
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Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
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Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
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Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
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Cameroon Farmers undertook various
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Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
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Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
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Uganda environment, host plant heal
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Uganda local varieties. Assessments
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Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
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Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
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Kenya respective diseases were reco
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Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
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Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
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Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
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Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
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Malawi Increased Biological Underst
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Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
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Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
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Madagascar surprising, particularly
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Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
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Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
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Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
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Factors Associated with Damage Mean
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Factors Associated with Damage % SP
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Factors Associated with Damage thro
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Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
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Conclusions and Recommendations col
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
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Conclusions and Recommendations com
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Conclusions and Recommendations con
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Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
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Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
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SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
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Introduction CHAPTER 2.1 Introducti
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Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
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Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
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Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
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Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
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Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
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Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
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Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
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Kenya Increased Biological Understa
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Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
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Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
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Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
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Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
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Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania The reproductive host plan
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Tanzania Geographical range of whit
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Tanzania Local names given to white
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Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
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Malawi levels of infestation by the
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Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
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Malawi (40%) believe that the white
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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
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Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
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Conclusions and Recommendations the
Page 186 and 187: SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
Page 188 and 189: Introduction CHAPTER 3.1 Introducti
Page 190 and 191: Introduction especially for export.
Page 192 and 193: Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
Page 194 and 195: Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
Page 196 and 197: Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
Page 198 and 199: Mexico results of the molecular bio
Page 200 and 201: Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
Page 202 and 203: Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
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Page 206 and 207: Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
Page 208 and 209: Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
Page 210 and 211: Guatemala contemplated in this prel
Page 212 and 213: El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
Page 214 and 215: El Salvador During the course of th
Page 216 and 217: El Salvador markets: common bean, m
Page 218 and 219: El Salvador Current Status of White
Page 220 and 221: Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
Page 222 and 223: Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
Page 224 and 225: Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
Page 226 and 227: Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
Page 228 and 229: Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
Page 230 and 231: Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
Page 232 and 233: Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
Page 234 and 235: Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
Page 238 and 239: Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
Page 240 and 241: Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
Page 242 and 243: Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
Page 244 and 245: Haiti collaborators in this project
Page 246 and 247: Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
Page 248 and 249: Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
Page 250 and 251: Cuba project provided three keynote
Page 252 and 253: Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
Page 254 and 255: Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
Page 256 and 257: Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
Page 258 and 259: Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
Page 266 and 267: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
Page 268 and 269: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
Page 270 and 271: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
Page 272 and 273: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
Page 274 and 275: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
Page 276 and 277: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
Page 278 and 279: Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
Page 280 and 281: Conclusions and Recommendations gre
Page 282 and 283: SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
Page 284 and 285: Introduction CHAPTER 4.1 Introducti
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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