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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER 3.12 Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) in Latin America and the Caribbean Introduction The sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) is a vector of at least 30 begomoviruses (Geminiviridae: Begomovirus) in Latin America and the Caribbean (Morales and Anderson, 2001). As is often the case for insect vector-host relations, many of the crops that begomoviruses affect are not reproductive hosts for B. tabaci. A first critical step in vector entomology, then, is to answer the question. “Where is B. tabaci reproducing?” Crop biomass can provide excellent breeding and feeding sources and thus give rise to large populations of B. tabaci (Byrne et al., 1991). We argue here that the first step to understanding regional population dynamics as the basis for area-wide management is to elucidate which crops B. tabaci utilizes as reproductive hosts and define their relative importance. * Former coordinator for Phase 1 of the Tropical Whitefly IPM Project; currently Research Director at the Centro Internacional de la Papa (CIP), Lima, Peru. ** Florida State Collection of Arthropods (FSCA), Gainesville, Florida, USA. *** Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia. ψ British Museum of Natural History, London, UK. Pamela K. Anderson*, Avas Hamon**, Pilar Hernández*** and Jon Martin ψ Crop Hosts of Bemisia tabaci The most reliable sources of host plant records for B. tabaci are published taxonomic reports and unpublished records from museum collections. The first author has reviewed the white and grey literature as well as the arthropod collections from the United States National Museum (USNM), the Florida State Collection of Arthropods (FSCA), the British Museum of Natural History (BMNH), and the Escuela Agrícola Panamericana (EAP) in Honduras. The EAP (1992) references are unpublished records from Latin America, collected and identified by R. Caballero as the basis for development of several taxonomic keys (Caballero, 1992). Table 1 also records B. tabaci host records generated by the national program (national agricultural research systems [NARS]) teams as part of the extensive diagnostic surveys for Phase 1 of the Tropical Whitefly Integrated Pest Management Project (TWF-IPM). P. Hernández identified these specimens and A. Hamon verified them. Verified specimens are deposited in the insect museum at the Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) in Cali, Colombia, and the FSCA in Gainesville, Florida, USA. 243
Based upon the reliable published taxonomic reports, unpublished museum records and the verified specimen collected during Phase 1 of the TWF-IPM, we conclude that 244 Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics B. tabaci is utilizing at least 50 cultivated species as reproductive hosts in Latin America and the Caribbean (Table 1). Table 1. Known crop hosts of Bemisia tabaci in Latin America and the Caribbean. Crop Country Reference a Latin name Common name Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench [= Hibiscus esculentus L.] Okra Cuba Vázquez et al. (1996) Dom. Rep. TWF-IPM Project El Salvador USNM (1967), Lipes (1968), WF-IPM Project Guatemala TWF-IPM Project Trinidad BMNH (1989) Venezuela Arnal et al. (1993b) Annona muricata L. Soursop Cuba Vázquez et al. (1996) Arachis hypogaea L. Peanut Cuba Vázquez et al. (1996) Venezuela Arnal et al. (1993b) Beta vulgaris L. Beet Cuba Vázquez et al. (1996) Beta vulgaris subsp cicla (L.) W. Koch Swiss chard Cuba Vázquez et al. (1996) Brasica rapas L. subsp. rapa Turnip Cuba Vázquez et al. (1996) Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L. Cabbage Cuba Vázquez et al. (1995) Brassica oleracea L. var. gemminifera DC Brussel sprouts Venezuela Arnal et al. (1993b) Brassica oleracea L. var. gongylodes L. Kohl-rabi Cuba Vázquez et al. (1995) Cajanas cajan (L.) Millsp. Pigeon pea Cuba Vázquez et al. (1996) Canavalia ensiformis (L.) DC. Jack bean, sword bean Cuba Vázquez et al. (1996) Capsicum annuum L. var. annuum Bell pepper Belize EAP (1992) Costa Rica TWF-IPM Project Cuba Vázquez et al. (1996) Honduras EAP (1992) Panama TWF-IPM Project Venezuela Arnal et al. (1993b) Capsicum spp. Chilli peppers Costa Rica TWF-IPM Project Cuba Vázquez et al. (1996) El Salvador TWF-IPM Project Guatemala TWF-IPM Project Honduras TWF-IPM Project Nicaragua EAP (1992) Venezuela Arnal et al. (1993b) Carica papaya L. Papaya Cuba Vázquez et al. (1996) Guatemala TWF-IPM Project Cicer arietinum L. Chick-pea Cuba Vázquez et al. (1996) Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai Watermelon Belize EAP (1992) [= Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.] Colombia TWF-IPM Project Costa Rica TWF-IPM Project Cuba Vázquez et al. (1995) Ecuador TWF-IPM Project El Salvador TWF-IPM Project Guatemala TWF-IPM Project Honduras EAP (1992) Panama TWF-IPM Project Venezuela Arnal et al. (1993b) Cucumis melo L. Melon Belize EAP (1992) Colombia TWF-IPM Project Costa Rica TWF-IPM Project Dom. Rep. TWF-IPM Project Ecuador TWF-IPM Project El Salvador TWF-IPM Project (Continued)
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
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Introduction References Aritua, V.;
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Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
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Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
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Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
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Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
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Benin or disease problem, the main
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Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
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Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
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Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
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Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
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Cameroon Farmers undertook various
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Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
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Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
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Uganda environment, host plant heal
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Uganda local varieties. Assessments
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Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
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Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
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Kenya respective diseases were reco
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Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
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Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
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Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
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Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
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Malawi Increased Biological Underst
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Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
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Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
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Madagascar surprising, particularly
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Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
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Sweetpotato Virus Disease in East A
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Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
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Factors Associated with Damage Mean
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Factors Associated with Damage % SP
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Factors Associated with Damage thro
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Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
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Conclusions and Recommendations col
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
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Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
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Conclusions and Recommendations com
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Conclusions and Recommendations con
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Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
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Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
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SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
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Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
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Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
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Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
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Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
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Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
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Sudan Conclusions The work conducte
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Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
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Kenya Increased Biological Understa
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Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
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Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
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Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
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Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
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Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania The reproductive host plan
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Tanzania Geographical range of whit
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Tanzania Local names given to white
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Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
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Malawi levels of infestation by the
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Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
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Malawi (40%) believe that the white
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Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
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Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
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Conclusions and Recommendations the
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SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
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Introduction especially for export.
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Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
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Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
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Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
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Mexico results of the molecular bio
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Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
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Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
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Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
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Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
Page 208 and 209: Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
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Page 212 and 213: El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
Page 214 and 215: El Salvador During the course of th
Page 216 and 217: El Salvador markets: common bean, m
Page 218 and 219: El Salvador Current Status of White
Page 220 and 221: Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
Page 222 and 223: Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
Page 224 and 225: Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
Page 226 and 227: Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
Page 228 and 229: Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
Page 230 and 231: Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
Page 232 and 233: Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
Page 234 and 235: Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
Page 236 and 237: Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
Page 238 and 239: Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
Page 240 and 241: Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
Page 242 and 243: Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
Page 244 and 245: Haiti collaborators in this project
Page 246 and 247: Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
Page 248 and 249: Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
Page 250 and 251: Cuba project provided three keynote
Page 252 and 253: Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
Page 254 and 255: Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
Page 256 and 257: Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
Page 260 and 261: Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
Page 266 and 267: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
Page 268 and 269: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Page 272 and 273: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
Page 274 and 275: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
Page 276 and 277: Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
Page 278 and 279: Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
Page 280 and 281: Conclusions and Recommendations gre
Page 282 and 283: SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
Page 284 and 285: Introduction CHAPTER 4.1 Introducti
Page 286 and 287: Introduction control, due to resist
Page 288 and 289: Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
Page 290 and 291: Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
Page 292 and 293: Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
Page 294 and 295: Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
Page 296 and 297: Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
Page 298 and 299: Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
Page 300 and 301: Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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