Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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Sudan Conclusions The work conducted during the diagnostic phase of the TWF-IPM Project has provided, for the first time, a biological and socio-economic characterization of the problems linked to B. tabaci in the vegetable cropping systems of Sudan. The studies have provided a better understanding of the biology of this important vector, the distribution of its natural enemies, the epidemiology of the viruses it transmits and the socio-economic implications of virus disease problems for producers. Farmers viewed the B. tabaci/ TYLCV problem as the most important constraint on tomato production. The areas identified as hot spots for TYLCV include Gezira, Managil, Umelgura and Hasaheisa Provinces, all of which are characterized by irrigated production and are within cotton production areas. The main problems associated with B. tabaci in vegetable production systems in Sudan are: (1) Tomato: transmission of TYLCV and TVTV, and direct feeding by B. tabaci during early crop stages; (2) Watermelon and musk melon: transmission of WmCSV, CVYV, and a virus inducing potyvirus-like yellowing symptoms; (3) Okra: transmission of OLCV, sooty mould induced by secretion of honeydew by B. tabaci, and direct feeding damage; (4) Peppers: transmission of TYLCV; and (5) Vegetable legumes: symptoms of a begomovirus and closterovirus observed on cowpea and common bean but transmission by B. tabaci is not yet confirmed. The surveys documented alarming misuse of pesticides on vegetables. The information gained can help to sensitize policy makers in Sudan to the alarming magnitude of the whitefly and WTV problems and to the dangers inherent in the associated misuse of pesticides. The knowledge gained has provided a sound foundation for developing a future research agenda. The following priorities are recommended: (1) Research should be conducted on the following IPM components: (a) Evaluation of available TYLCV-resistant or -tolerant tomato varieties for immediate incorporation into IPM plans; (b) Screening of exotic tomato varieties for resistance to B. tabaci and/or TYLCV; (c) Breeding for resistance against B. tabaci and WTVs, while utilizing resistant strains of crops; (d) Evaluation of alternative and novel pest and disease management methods, including the use of botanicals, biological control and cultural methods; and (e) Investigation of the efficiency of natural enemies in vector control. (2) Available IPM options should be tested and refined, with the close participation of producers, under on-farm conditions; participatory research should be complemented with intensive training of producers and other stakeholders. (3) Resistance of whiteflies to insecticides commonly used in vegetable farming should be 127
128 monitored, using a standardized methodology in Sudan and elsewhere to enable valid comparisons to be made. (4) Appropriate techniques to evaluate insecticide residues in fruits and vegetables should be developed and applied. (5) The whiteflies observed inducing silverleaf in Gezira for the first time in 1998 should be characterized using molecular techniques and biological assays. The recommended research will provide a platform for the development and adoption of sustainable production practices for vegetables in Sudan, leading to improved well-being for producers and consumers. References Ahmed, A. H. M.; Elhang, E. A.; Bashir, H. H. 1987. Insecticide resistance in the cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.) in the Sudan Gezira. Trop. Pest Manag. 33:67. Dafalla, G. A.; Sidig, S. A. 1997. Management of the whitefly-virus complex in Sudan. Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) Plant Production and Protection Paper 143. Rome, IT. 214 p. Whiteflies and Whitefly-borne Viruses in the Tropics Dittrich, V.; Ruesch, O.; Ernest, G. H. 1990. Resistance mechanism in the sweetpotato whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) populations from Sudan, Turkey, Guatemala and Nicaragua. J. Econ. Entomol. 83:1665-1670. Eveleens, K. G. 1983. Chemical insect control in the Sudan Gezira: Analysis of a crisis crop. Crop Prot. 2:273-287. Kirkpatrick, T. W. 1931. Further studies on leaf-curl of cotton in the Sudan. Bull. Entomol. Res. 22:323-363. Shapiro, J. P. 1995. Insect-plant interactions and expression of disorders induced by the silverleaf whitefly, Bemisia argentifolii. In: Gerling, D.; Mayer, R. T. (eds.). Bemisia: Taxonomy, biology, damage, control and management. Intercept, Andover, GB. p. 167-171. Yassin, A. M.; Nour, M. A. 1965. Tomato leaf curl disease, its effects on yield and varietal susceptibility. Sudan Agric. J. 1:3-7.
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About the Partners CIAT The Interna
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Centro Internacional de Agricultura
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Chapter 4 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Chapter 6 Whiteflies and Whitefly-b
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Contents Page Foreword vii Introduc
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Contents Chapter SECTION THREE Whit
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Foreword This book is the product o
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Introduction Introduction The Probl
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Introduction In addition to the yie
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Introduction in pesticide use in La
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Introduction annual crops, especial
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Introduction Plant Resistance contr
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Introduction Otim-Nape, G. W.; Bua,
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SECTION ONE Whiteflies as Vectors o
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Introduction CHAPTER 1.1 Introducti
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Introduction diseases than is cassa
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Introduction Sub-project on Whitefl
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Introduction References Aritua, V.;
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Introduction Thresh, J. M.; Otim-Na
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Ghana 1997, on 80 farms. These incl
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Ghana (6.2%), Bakentenma (5%) and K
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Ghana Legg, J. P.; James, B. D. 199
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Benin Northern guinea savannah Sout
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Benin or disease problem, the main
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Nigeria CHAPTER 1.4 Nigeria Introdu
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Nigeria TMS 30572 (18.8%) and TMS 3
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Nigeria FAO (Food and Agriculture O
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Cameroon protocol, to enable valid
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Cameroon Farmers undertook various
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Cameroon Robertson, I. A. D. 1987.
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Uganda between November 1997 and Ja
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Uganda environment, host plant heal
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Uganda local varieties. Assessments
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Uganda Harrison, B. D. 1987. Proper
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Kenya Recent epidemiological studie
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Kenya respective diseases were reco
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Kenya Bock, K. R. 1983. Epidemiolog
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Tanzania CHAPTER 1.8 Tanzania Intro
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Tanzania Adult whiteflies were more
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Tanzania loss) to assess yield loss
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Tanzania Legg, J. P.; Raya, M. 1998
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Malawi Increased Biological Underst
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Malawi Physiology and Ecology in th
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Madagascar Tanzania Madagascar Moza
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Madagascar surprising, particularly
Page 92 and 93: Diversity of African Cassava Mosaic
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Page 104 and 105: Factors Associated with Damage CHAP
Page 106 and 107: Factors Associated with Damage Mean
Page 108 and 109: Factors Associated with Damage % SP
Page 110 and 111: Factors Associated with Damage thro
Page 112 and 113: Factors Associated with Damage Gedd
Page 114 and 115: Conclusions and Recommendations col
Page 116 and 117: Conclusions and Recommendations Mal
Page 118 and 119: Conclusions and Recommendations Mpi
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Page 122 and 123: Conclusions and Recommendations con
Page 124 and 125: Conclusions and Recommendations (2)
Page 126 and 127: Conclusions and Recommendations Ger
Page 128 and 129: SECTION TWO Whiteflies as Pests and
Page 130 and 131: Introduction CHAPTER 2.1 Introducti
Page 132 and 133: Introduction Czosnek, H.; Navot, N.
Page 134 and 135: Sudan cotton, leading to the introd
Page 136 and 137: Sudan Table 1. Reproductive host pl
Page 138 and 139: Sudan Historically, Sudan has been
Page 140 and 141: Sudan Only 10% of producers reporte
Page 144 and 145: Kenya CHAPTER 2.3 Kenya Introductio
Page 146 and 147: Kenya Increased Biological Understa
Page 148 and 149: Kenya Samples of 10 plants per fiel
Page 150 and 151: Kenya Table 4. Maximum incidence (%
Page 152 and 153: Kenya Seventy-nine percent of tomat
Page 154 and 155: Kenya under Phase 2 of the TWF-IPM
Page 156 and 157: Tanzania CHAPTER 2.4 Tanzania Intro
Page 158 and 159: Tanzania The reproductive host plan
Page 160 and 161: Tanzania Geographical range of whit
Page 162 and 163: Tanzania Local names given to white
Page 164 and 165: Tanzania Nono-Womdim, R.; Swai, I.
Page 166 and 167: Malawi levels of infestation by the
Page 168 and 169: Malawi Table 3. Maximum incidence (
Page 170 and 171: Malawi (40%) believe that the white
Page 172 and 173: Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus in E.
Page 178 and 179: Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
Page 180 and 181: Conclusions and Recommendations (Fi
Page 182 and 183: Conclusions and Recommendations Cen
Page 184 and 185: Conclusions and Recommendations the
Page 186 and 187: SECTION THREE Whiteflies as Vectors
Page 188 and 189: Introduction CHAPTER 3.1 Introducti
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Mexico CHAPTER 3.2 Mexico Introduct
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Mexico Culiacán, Sinaloa, in north
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Mexico Table 2. Virus survey of tom
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Mexico results of the molecular bio
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Mexico Strengthened Research Capaci
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Mexico López, R. 1996. Experiencia
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Guatemala 1960s, and at this time t
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Guatemala Table 2. Results of white
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Guatemala Table 5. Cropping systems
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Guatemala contemplated in this prel
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El Salvador CHAPTER 3.4 El Salvador
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El Salvador During the course of th
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El Salvador markets: common bean, m
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El Salvador Current Status of White
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Honduras Copan Ocotepeque Santa Bá
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Honduras Table 3. Biotyping of whit
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Honduras References Caballero, R. 1
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Nicaragua Nueva Segovia Madriz Este
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Nicaragua Lowlands of Nicaragua. Th
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Nicaragua Region VI is a main horti
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Costa Rica CHAPTER 3.7 Costa Rica I
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Costa Rica Table 1. Characterizatio
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Costa Rica Castillo, J. 1997. Movim
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Panama Bocas del Toro Chiriquí Ver
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Panama Gámez, R. 1970. Los virus d
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Haiti Grande-Anse Sud Grande-Anse S
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Haiti collaborators in this project
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Cuba Ciudad de la Habana Pinar del
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Cuba Table 3. Comparative homologie
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Cuba project provided three keynote
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Dominican Republic CHAPTER 3.11 Dom
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Dominican Republic monoclonal antib
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Dominican Republic Strengthened Res
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Reproductive Crop Hosts of Bemisia
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci CHAPTER
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci For this
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci 100 99 B
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci biotype
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Table 2.
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Biotypes of Bemisia tabaci Already
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations gre
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SECTION FOUR Whiteflies as Pests of
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Introduction CHAPTER 4.1 Introducti
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Introduction control, due to resist
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Introduction Posada, L. 1976. Lista
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Colombia and Ecuador B biotype B. t
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Colombia and Ecuador assistants and
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Colombia and Ecuador and squash. On
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 2. Main
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Colombia and Ecuador Table 6. Patte
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Insecticide Resistance in Colombia
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Conclusions and Recommendations CHA
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Conclusions and Recommendations res
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Conclusions and Recommendations rot
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SECTION FIVE Special Topics on Pest
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Sustainable IPM through Host Plant
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Biological Control of Whiteflies by
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Progress of Cassava Mosaic Disease
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Management of the Cassava Mosaic Di
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Conclusions Conclusions The Tropica
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Conclusions whitefly pests and thus
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Conclusions developing countries, a
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Acronyms and Abbreviations Acronyms
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Acronyms and Abbreviations FIRA Fid
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PROFRIJO
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Acronyms and Abbreviations PYR pyre
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Whitefly and whitefly-borne viruses in the tropics : Building a ... - cgiar

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