Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

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Ecoagriculture: A landscape approach to natural resources management that seeks to
sustain agricultural production, conserve biodiversity and ecosystem services, and
support local livelihoods. 896
Endogenous allergenicity (also endogenous allergy): Working definition:
Endogenous allergenicity is the allergenic proteins that naturally occur in specific food,
for example, Ara h 1 and Ara h 2 in peanuts. Occasionally, a safety assessment
includes some consideration of the effect of the genetic engineering levels of
endogenous allergens in the host organism. Under most circumstances, alteration in the
number of levels of endogenous allergens would not be expected. For example, both
GE and conventional soybeans should be equivalently allergenic to soy-allergic
consumers. If changes occurred in the levels of endogenous allergens, that would be
properly characterized as unanticipated. 897
The primary allergy risks to consumers from GM crops may be placed into one of three
categories. The second category, which represents an intermediate risk, is the potential
for altering or replacing the endogenous allergenicity of a GE crop, which would cause
an increased concern for already allergic patients. However, several studies have
explored this possibility and found no difference in the allergenic potential of GE foods
when compared directly with their non-GE counterparts. 898
Eutrophication: Process by which bodies of water become enriched in dissolved
nutrients, e.g. phosphates, nitrates, nitrogenous compounds. The nutrients deplete the
dissolved oxygen of the water by stimulating the growth of algae and other aquatic plant
life. 899
Evapotranspiration: The water lost to the atmosphere by two processes-evaporation
and transpiration (see def.) 900
Fallow fields: Cropland left idle in order to restore productivity, mainly through
accumulation of water, nutrients, or both. The soil ordinarily is tilled for at least one
growing season to control weeds and to aid in the decomposition of plant residues. 901
Furrow irrigation: is used with row crops. Water is taken from ditches by siphon tubes,
gated pipes, or cuts in the ditchbank, and is applied in the furrows between the rows of
plants. On sloping soils the use of contour furrows helps to control erosion by carrying
water across the slope. On nearly level soils the furrows are straight. 902
Genetic engineering (GE): A technique used to alter or move genetic material (genes)
of living cells. 903 Techniques include altering the DNA, substituting genetic material by
means of a virus, transplanting whole nuclei, transplanting cell hybrids, etc. 904
Glyphosate: A broad-spectrum, non-selective systemic herbicide that can be used on
essentially all annual and perennial plants including grasses, sedges, broad-leaved
weeds, and woody plants. It can be used on non-cropland and among a great variety of
crops. 905 It is the main ingredient in Roundup.
Green Chop: Forages cut at younger stage of maturity and fed wet directly to
livestock. 906
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