Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

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! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!?=!@#-2$!A,2! from irrigation and precipitation. 268, 269 Reduced- and no-till operations have been shown to allow for greater soil water availability than conventional tillage practices by building capillary spaces for water movement and improving water retention. These practices have reduced water demands by up to 12 percent, according to the USDA. ! "%'" 270, 271 Covering soil with mulched cover crops can reduce water loss from the soil. Creating a rough soil surface increases the area available to catch raindrops, thereby maximizing water availability and retention, and mitigating water losses. 272 Improving soil structure and organic matter content helps soil to retain water and also improves the availability of water to plant roots. Increased organic matter can increase water retention 273 and improve water percolation by up to 25-50 percent. 274 Additionally, improved soil stability reduces erosion and the resulting runoff. Efficiency of Ditch Delivery Unlined or earthen ditches are one of the least efficient irrigation delivery systems due to seepage losses through the soil (Figure 17). Estimates of water loss through seepage from unlined ditches have been calculated as high as 45 percent with the U.S. Department of Interior estimating a 22 percent average. 275 Methods proposed to improve the water delivery and efficiency of use include lining earthen ditches with impermeable materials to prevent seepage and replacing unlined ditches with pipeline delivery systems that can improve the efficiency by 10 percent (Figure 17). 276 Figure 17: Potential On-farm Conveyance Efficiencies 277 Inefficient irrigation from unlined ditches can have offsite benefits, such as providing habitat for a variety of wildlife, acting as an important source of recharge to shallow groundwater, and possibly providing groundwater return flow to streams and rivers. 278 In instances where these unlined ditches provide important off site benefits and the seepage is reduced by the addition of linings, there may be adverse effects to the beneficiary systems, which include ground water recharge, wildlife habitats, and wet areas. According to the USDA “without consideration and careful planning, irrigation project activities can negatively impact water quantity and quality, wetlands, fisheries, and wildlife.” 279 !*+,-#./#012!34$.%+1-+$2! 5.-2$#-+$2!627.28!
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!?=!@#-2$!A,2! Considerations when evaluating the impacts of lining ditches include, but are not limited to: 280 - The effects on downstream flows or aquifers that would affect other water uses or users. - Potential changes in growth and transpiration of vegetation located next to the ditch because of the elimination of leakage from the system. - Effects on wetlands or water-related wildlife habitats. - Water and energy savings resulting from decreased water loss and improved irrigation water management. ! "%(" !*+,-#./#012!34$.%+1-+$2! 5.-2$#-+$2!627.28!
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Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

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