Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

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! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!@+!A142!"#5#81B152! 7.1 Pesticide Usage Pesticides are commonly broken out into three major types: herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides (Graph 15). 528 They are used to control approximately 600 species of insects, 1,800 weed species, and numerous species of fungi and nematodes all, of which are considered serious pests in agriculture. 529 There are three basic ways to evaluate pesticide usage. The first is the number of different pesticides applied on a given acre, the second is the total pounds of pesticide active ingredients applied per acre in a given year, and the third is the toxicity profile of pesticides used (section 10.1 Food Safety). ! Graph 15: Overall Pesticide Usage 1964 to 2001 530 The total pounds of active pesticide ingredients applied to crops rose steadily from early 1960 until the 1980s, from which time it has remained relatively unchanged. 531 The initial increase in pesticide usage can largely be attributed to both the adoption of monocropping practices, which can make crops more vulnerable to pests, and to excessive or imprecise application of pesticides. Due to quality improvements in the mix of pesticide active ingredients, increases in the ability to target specific pests, and improved pesticide application methods and management by farmers, usage and growth rates leveled out. 532 Additionally, between 1982 and 1990, commodity prices fell and as a result large amounts of land were taken out of production. 533 Despite these reductions in quantity, the per-unit price of synthetic pesticides has continued to increase. 534 According to the USDA, since about 1990, pesticide usage has edged above the 1982 peak, largely due to expanded use of soil fumigants, defoliants, and fungicides on potatoes, fruits, and vegetables. Total herbicides and insecticides have remained relatively unchanged despite more intensive insecticide treatments on cotton and potatoes, and an increased share of wheat acres treated with herbicides. 535 ",," !,342#.5#6/1!78$.%3/23$1! 9.21$#23$1!:1;.1
! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!@+!A142!"#5#81B152! The amount of insecticides currently applied to U.S crops is significantly down from the peak in the 1970s, and now fluctuates between 60 and 80 million pounds annually. Insecticides account for 12 percent of total pesticides applied to U.S. crops. 536 Graph 16 shows the most commonly applied insecticides. ! Graph 16: Most Common Insecticides in the U.S. 537 Herbicides represent the largest pesticide class, accounting for about 60 percent of total pounds of pesticide active ingredient applied to U.S. crops. The most common pesticides are presented in Graph 17. For a discussion of potential water pollution concerns, see section 4.4 Pesticides as Water Pollutants. Graph 17: Most Common Herbicides in the U.S. 538 ",$" !,342#.5#6/1!78$.%3/23$1! 9.21$#23$1!:1;.1
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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LITERATURE
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Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

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