Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

More documents

Recommendations

Info

! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!?=!@#-2$!A,2! 3.2 Irrigation Management According to the USDA, effective irrigation management requires accurate timing and regulation of water applications in a way that satisfies crop water requirements while not wasting water, soil, and plant nutrients or degrading the soil. 227 This involves applying water: - According to crop needs - In amounts that can be held in the soil and be available to crops - At rates consistent with the intake characteristics of the soil, so as not to increase erosion - To ensure water quality is maintained or improved Crop water use, also known as evapotranspiration (ET), is the combination of transpiration, the amount of water plants use for growth and cooling purposes, and evaporation, water evaporated from adjacent soil surfaces. 228, 229 Crop water use is influenced by a variety of factors including prevailing weather conditions, available water in the soil, crop species, and the growth stage of the crop. 230, 231 Most crops are more sensitive to water stresses during one or more critical growth periods in the growing season. Moisture stress during a critical period can cause an irreversible loss of yields and reduction in the quality for crops. 232 The main irrigated crops in Boulder County by acreage include: 233 - Forage – 21,319 acres - Corn (grain) – 2,499 acres - Barley – 1,263 acres - Wheat (grain) – 797 acres - Corn (sillage/greenchop) – 671 acres - Vegetables and other small grains such as millet to a smaller extent Method of Irrigation On a farm or field scale there are a number of water conservation practices that can be employed to increase the efficiency of irrigation, but due to the specific nature of agricultural operations no one practice is universally appropriate. 234 The latest soil survey (2007) conducted by the USDA identified five principal methods of irrigation used in Boulder County. 235 Working definitions of each of these methods are provided below. ! Furrow irrigation is used with row crops. Water is taken from ditches by siphon tubes, gated pipes, or cuts in the ditchbank, and is applied in the furrows between the rows of plants. On sloping soils the use of contour furrows helps to control erosion by carrying water across the slope. On nearly level soils the furrows are straight. Border irrigation is used on nearly level fields that are planted with closegrowing crops. In border irrigation water soaks into the soil as it advances down narrow strips between the ridges. Uniform grades are necessary to ensure an even distribution of water and to prevent ponding. Controlled flooding is used on close-growing crops. Water is flooded down the slope between closely spaced field ditches. "%," !*+,-#./#012!34$.%+1-+$2! 5.-2$#-+$2!627.28!
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!?=!@#-2$!A,2! ! Sprinkler irrigation is used when slopes are steep or uneven. Sprinklers are an advantage when establishing pasture crops and in the preemergence irrigation of certain crops. With sprinkler irrigation, water losses resulting from evaporation may be higher than with other methods of irrigation and wind drift may cause uneven water application. Corrugation irrigation is useful on fields that do not have uniform grades. The amount and type of water loss that occurs when irrigating a crop field is highly dependent on the type of delivery and distribution system used (Figure 14). The relative efficiency of different irrigation systems is a result of changes in the amount of runoff, deep percolation, and evaporation. One of the most common conversions of irrigation methods to increase efficiency is from surface irrigation to sprinkler irrigation. 236 The reason for this conversion is that surface irrigation is inherently less efficient and more labor intensive than sprinkler irrigation. 237 238 Figure 14: Range of Field Efficiency for Irrigation Systems "%+" !*+,-#./#012!34$.%+1-+$2! 5.-2$#-+$2!627.28!
Page 1 and 2: SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LITERATURE
Page 3 and 4: ! ! "#$%&!'())! ! !*+,-#./#012!34$.
Page 5 and 6: ! ! "#$%&!'())! ! !*+,-#./#012!34$.
Page 7 and 8: ! "#$%&!'())! ! 9:2%+-.72!*+;;#$
Page 9 and 10: ! ! !! "#$%&!'())! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 11 and 12: ! ! !! "#$%&!'())! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 13 and 14: ! ! !! "#$%&!'())! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 15 and 16: ! ! !! "#$%&!'())! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 17 and 18: ! ! !! "#$%&!'())! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 19 and 20: ! ! !! "#$%&!'())! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 21 and 22: ! ! !! "#$%&!'())! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 23 and 24: ! ! !! "#$%&!'())! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 25 and 26: ! !! "#$%&!'())! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!
Page 27 and 28: ! !! "#$%&!'())! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!
Page 29 and 30: ! !! "#$%&!'())! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!
Page 31 and 32: ! !! "#$%&!'())! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!
Page 33 and 34: ! !! "#$%&!'())! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!
Page 35 and 36: ! !! "#$%&!'())! ! ! ! ! ! ! !!!!!!
Page 37 and 38: ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 39: ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 43 and 44: ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 45 and 46: ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 47 and 48: ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 49 and 50: ! !! "#$%&!'())!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!
Page 51 and 52: ! !! "#$%&!'())!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!
Page 53 and 54: ! !! "#$%&!'())!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!
Page 55 and 56: ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 57 and 58: ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 59 and 60: ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 61 and 62: ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 63 and 64: ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 65 and 66: ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 67 and 68: ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 69 and 70: ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 71 and 72: ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 73 and 74: ! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 75 and 76: ! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 77 and 78: ! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 79 and 80: ! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 81 and 82: ! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 83 and 84: ! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 85 and 86: ! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 87 and 88: ! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 89 and 90: ! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 91 and 92:
! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 93 and 94:
! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 95 and 96:
! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 97 and 98:
! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 99 and 100:
! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 101 and 102:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 103 and 104:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 105 and 106:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 107 and 108:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 109 and 110:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 111 and 112:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 113 and 114:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 115 and 116:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 117 and 118:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 119 and 120:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 121 and 122:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 123 and 124:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 125 and 126:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 127 and 128:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 129 and 130:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 131 and 132:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 133 and 134:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 135 and 136:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 137 and 138:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 139 and 140:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 141 and 142:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 143 and 144:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 145 and 146:
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 147 and 148:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 149 and 150:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 151 and 152:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 153 and 154:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 155 and 156:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 157 and 158:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 159 and 160:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 161 and 162:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 163 and 164:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 165 and 166:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 167 and 168:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 169 and 170:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 171 and 172:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 173 and 174:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 175 and 176:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 177 and 178:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 179 and 180:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 181 and 182:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 183 and 184:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 185 and 186:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 187 and 188:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 189 and 190:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 191 and 192:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 193 and 194:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 195 and 196:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 197 and 198:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 199 and 200:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 201 and 202:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Page 203:
! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
show all

Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles

Delete template?

Save as template?