Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

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! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!@+!A142!"#5#81B152! 7.2 Application Rates of Pesticides The majority of U.S. farmers rely on chemical pesticides for their pest management. 559 A Cornell entomologist estimated that only about one tenth (0.1) percent of all applied pesticides reach the intended target pests, leaving the bulk of pesticides in the environment as a potential hazard and representing a significant financial investment from the farmer. 560 Of all agricultural pests, weeds are by far the most pervasive pests in U.S. agriculture in terms of the share of herbicide treatments used to control them. Most herbicides are used to treat weeds in corn and soybean production systems, while the main uses of insecticides and fungicides are for cotton and potato crops. 561 Studies have shown a general decrease in pesticide use since 1995, which can be seen in Graph 18. Although the use of herbicides for soybeans increased slightly between 1995 and 2002, corn herbicides and insecticides have decreased and cotton herbicides have decreased slightly (Graph 18). 562 The overall decrease in pesticide use is due, in part, to the increase of GE adoption since 1996. 563 ! Graph 18: Pesticide Use in Major Field Crops 564 Adoption of GE Crops and Pesticide Use U.S. farmers have widely adopted genetically engineered crops since their introduction in 1996, notwithstanding uncertainty about consumer acceptance and economic and environmental impacts. Soybeans and cotton with GE herbicide-tolerant traits have been the most widely and rapidly adopted in the U.S., followed by insect-resistant cotton and corn. 565 Since 1996, the percentages of U.S. farmers who have adopted specific GE crops have increased dramatically (Graph 19). 566 "$(" !,342#.5#6/1!78$.%3/23$1! 9.21$#23$1!:1;.1
! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!@+!A142!"#5#81B152! ! Graph 19: Rate of Adoption for Genetically Engineered Crops in the U.S 567 Biotechnology in agriculture is a highly debated topic because of transgenic crops, which were first developed in laboratories around 1983. 568 The most common types of GE crops are those that contain pest management traits such as herbicide tolerance or insect resistance. 569 Herbicide tolerant (HT) crops allow farmers to control weeds using herbicides that would usually destroy the crop. The most common herbicide-tolerant crops are Roundup Ready® crops that are resistant to glyphosate. Other herbicide resistant crops include Liberty Link® corn (resistant to glufosinate-ammonium) and BXN cotton (resistant to bromoxynil). In addition to genetically engineered HT crops, there are traditionally-bred herbicide-tolerant crops, such as corn that is resistant to imidazolinone and sethoxydim as well as soybeans that are resistant to sulfonylurea. 570 Insect-resistant crops contain a gene from the soil bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which produces its own toxins to help protect the plant from insects. Farmers often see higher yields with Bt crops compared to conventional crops because the trait stays in the plant throughout the growing season, however, additional insecticides are still needed to manage pests that are not targeted by the Bt trait. 571 Roundup Ready® and Liberty Link® corn are two varieties of GE crops grown in <strong>Boulder</strong> <strong>County</strong>. 572 "$)" !,342#.5#6/1!78$.%3/23$1! 9.21$#23$1!:1;.1
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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LITERATURE
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Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

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