Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

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! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!?=!@#-2$!A,2! The strategy used for irrigation management varies depending on the type of crop and its soil moisture tolerances. For systems that apply vary large amounts of water infrequently, the irrigation cycle should be timed so water is applied before the allowable depletion in the root zone is reached. Often, irrigation systems that must apply heavy applications must begin the irrigation cycle before there is room in the soil to store the full application. Conversely, crops such as potatoes, onions, and peppers generally require more frequent irrigation. Irrigation ditches may not be able to accommodate this frequent irrigation. Although not always possible, irrigation application should be limited so that the root zone is not overfilled. 254 ! "%%" !*+,-#./#012!34$.%+1-+$2! 5.-2$#-+$2!627.28!
! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!?=!@#-2$!A,2! 3.3 Water Conservation To create desirable crop growth it is necessary to have good soil conditions that provide optimum soil aeration, water infiltration, water percolation, water movement, and permeability as well as uniform root development. Additionally, good soil quality helps to reduce runoff and decrease potential soil erosion. The USDA National Irrigation Guide identified improvements to soil quality that would help increase water use efficiency: eliminating excess tillage operations, avoiding field operations while soil water content is high, using organic material or crop residue, and using grass and legumes in rotation. 255 Mitigation of compaction layers is also important for water movement in soil. Compaction Layers Soil compaction occurs when soil particles are pressed together, reducing the pore space between them. Fine textured soils (clayey and silty) are more vulnerable than coarse textured soils (sandy) to compaction. Compaction results in decreased infiltration and percolation, which leads to an increase in runoff and water erosion potential while also reducing the effective rooting zone. One important factor that influences soil compaction is the water content of the soil. For example, dry soil is more resistant to compaction. 256 The most significant soil compaction occurs during tilling, harvesting, and grazing when soils are wet. Soil compaction can extend to 20 inches below the surface. 257 Although wheel traffic is a more obvious and direct cause for compaction, tillage operations are also a factor. 258 Tillage practices can “break up soil structure, speed the decomposition and loss of organic matter, increase the threat of erosion, destroy the habitat of helpful organisms, and cause compaction.” 259 A number of actions can be taken to mitigate the compaction of layers. Additions of organic matter, such as manure and compost, can have many positive affects on soil including protection from erosion and compaction. 260 Soil stability and biodiversity also aid in the prevention of soil compaction. 261 Deep ripping subsoiling at appropriate soil moisture conditions can break apart compaction layers, but require 30-75 horsepower per shank, depending on the soil type. Clay soils are very difficult to break up. 262 Although certain tillage operations can lead to compaction, it is possible to decrease soil compaction in combination with executing conservation tillage systems. 263 A series of compaction tests were completed at the Central Great Plains Research Station near Akron, Colorado. The study was performed due to concerns that the practice of no-till, in the long-term, could result in increased soil compaction and possible degradation of the soil. 264 A decrease in the soil’s least limiting water range was found to have a direct impact on yield loss. 265 Understanding compaction characteristics of the soil and the response of the crop to soil physical conditions is vital for farmers when making informed decisions on field management. 266 The study’s findings support that soil compaction has the potential to limit crop production. The economic considerations of soil compaction are difficult to quantify since they can be both direct and indirect. 267 The choice of tillage practice for water conservation purposes depends on a wide range of factors, including soil erodibility (soil texture, slope, organic matter content), the irrigation system used, the equipment available, and rotation with other crops. Tillage methods should be selected based upon which practice eliminates all or the most runoff ! "%&" !*+,-#./#012!34$.%+1-+$2! 5.-2$#-+$2!627.28!
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Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

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