Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

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! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!@+!A142!"#5#81B152! Insecticide Tolerance Similar to glyphosate-tolerant and other HT crops, the economic and environmental results of Bt crops vary depending on the crop type. Studies conducted in Georgia and Mississippi reported Bt cotton to have a large economic advantage over non-Bt varieties and fewer spray applications of insecticides. 589 A three-year study in Arkansas found that yields and profits were higher for two of the years, but lower one of the years. Bt corn reported increased yields, but only a small reduction in insecticide application. Total profit was higher for Bt corn, including seed technology fees, because of the higher yields. 590 These studies and others consider yield, pesticide use, and profit on a farm-level. The ERS summarized these studies to illustrate the variability among them, the results of which are shown in Figure 29. 591 ! Figure 29: Summary of the Effects of Genetically Engineered Crops on Yields, Pesticide Use, and Returns 592 "$%" !,342#.5#6/1!78$.%3/23$1! 9.21$#23$1!:1;.1
! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!@+!A142!"#5#81B152! Insect resistance of the protein trait Bt decreases the efficiency of Bt crops and their projected benefits. Insecticidal crystal proteins, also considered toxins, from Bt are the basis of defense against targeted insects. Although there is now variation in the crystal proteins used in GE crops, some proteins, such as Cry1AB and Cry1Ac, are very similar and therefore insects that become resistant to one can be resistant to the other. The first generation of Bt crops only contained a single type of toxin throughout the growing season. Consequently, the continuous “exposure to Bt toxins represents one of the largest, most sudden selections for resistance experiences by insects.” 593 In laboratory tests, many strains of major pests have evolved with a resistance to Bt toxins. This insect resistance evolved because Bt crops continuously produce toxins, whereas Bt toxin sprays degrade quickly making evolutionary resistance slow and unlikely. The evolution of resistance to Bt sprays and crops outside of the laboratory is documented for only two lepidopteran pests. Evolutionary resistance is a major threat to the future success of Bt crops. 594 For more information, see section 7.3 Pesticide Resistance ! "$+" !,342#.5#6/1!78$.%3/23$1! 9.21$#23$1!:1;.1
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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LITERATURE
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Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

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