Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

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! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!=+!>5?324! 6.2 Fertilizers Fertilizers provide nutrients to improve plant growth and crop yield. Nitrogen is vital to a plant’s ability to develop proteins and enzymes, which then helps the plant grow. 463 Fertilizer use depends on several factors including soil type, soil fertility, climate, crop rotations, and price. Although some farmers use organic fertilizers (plant, animal, or mineral based) and animal manure, synthetic commercial fertilizers are the main type used in U.S. agriculture. 464, 465 After petroleum fuel and oils, the highest expenditure on manufactured inputs in Colorado is fertilizers (Figure 24). 466 Commercial fertilizers can be economical, but like all types of fertilizers, when the plant requirements do not balance with the amount of fertilization, excess nutrients can contribute to water contamination. 467 More information on the effects of fertilizers on water contamination can be viewed in section 4. Water Pollution. Of the total commercial fertilizer use in the U.S., nitrogen-based fertilizers comprise the largest portion, with a 56 percent share compared with 24 percent for potash, and 21 percent for phosphate (Graph 11). 468 ! Graph 11: U.S. Commercial Fertilizer Use, 1965-2002 469 The cost of commercial fertilizer is greatly increasing. Since nitrogen costs can be the largest fertilizer expense for farmers, the overall cost of inputs is rising for conventional farmers. The United States Department of <strong>Agriculture</strong> (USDA) states, “because natural gas is the main input used to produce ammonia, which, in turn, is the main input used to produce all nitrogen fertilizers, the volatile and upward-trending price of natural gas in recent years has affected the price and supply of ammonia, and, thereby, the supply and price of nitrogen fertilizers, which is a great concern to U.S. agriculture.” 470 "+%" !,342#.5#6/1!78$.%3/23$1! 9.21$#23$1!:1;.1
! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!=+!>5?324! An increase in price of natural gas has caused a reduction in domestic production of ammonia, which has caused ammonia plants to shut down in the U.S. 471 This has increased U.S. dependence on imported ammonia, which has risen since 2000. The USDA reports, “from 2000 to 2006, annual U.S. imports of ammonia increased from 3.9 to 8.4 million tons, an increase of 115 percent, while ammonia exports remained constant.” 472 See Graph 12 and Graph 13. ! Graph 12: U.S. Ammonia Imports, Exports, and Net Imports 473 Note: Fertilizer year runs from July of the preceding year to June of the year indicated in the chart Source: USDA, Economic Research Service Graph 13: U.S. Nitrogen Supply from Domestic Production and Net Imports 474 "++" !,342#.5#6/1!78$.%3/23$1! 9.21$#23$1!:1;.1
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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LITERATURE
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Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

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