Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

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! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!=+!>5?324! The decision was based on an environmental assessment conducted by APHIS, which was published for public comment in November 2010. The partial deregulation of RR sugar beets is an interim measure and the final ruling concerning full deregulation will be made by the end of May 2012 after a full Environmental Impact Statement is completed. 521 Their intent to allow planting of GE sugar beets in the meantime was made clear. 522 Although the statement by the USDA on February 4 th allows partial deregulation of the planting of genetically modified sugar beets, a separate hearing was held on February 15, 2011. 523, 524 During this hearing, the defendants, Monsanto Company, American Crystal Sugar Company, Syngenta Seeds Inc., and Betaseed Inc., sought to reverse a previous mandate requiring the removal of RR sugar beet seedlings that had already been planted. 525 Those in opposition included the Center for Food Safety, Organic Seed Alliance, Sierra Club, and High Mowing Organic Seeds. 526 This mandate was reversed. This decision was determined due to the fact that the plaintiffs failed to demonstrate any likeliness of irreparable harm. 527 ! ",%" !,342#.5#6/1!78$.%3/23$1! 9.21$#23$1!:1;.1
! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!@+!A142!"#5#81B152! Summary ! 7. Pest Management In the U.S., the amount (pounds) of applied pesticides has decreased from a highpoint in the early 1980s and has remained relatively stable over the past few decades. Pesticides are partially responsible for increasing the productivity of agriculture during the last century and continue to be a critical factor in reducing crop damage. The overall reduction in pesticide applications is attributed to several factors including quality improvements in the mix of pesticide ingredients, increases in ability to target specific pests, improved pesticide application methods and management from farmers, and high rates of adoption of genetically engineered (GE) crops. Despite reductions in overall pesticide usage, direct and indirect financial expenditures remain high, with Colorado farmers spending roughly $113 million on pesticides in 2008, or about five percent of operating expenses. Estimates of the external expenses, from impacts including pesticide poisonings to humans, reduction of fish and wildlife populations, livestock losses, honey bee losses, reduction of beneficial insects, and increased pesticide resistance in weeds and insects have been placed at $8 billion annually for the U.S. One of the most recent and profound changes to pest management has been the high rate of adoption for GE crops since their introduction in 1996. The most popular GE crops are those that contain pest management traits, either herbicide tolerance or insect resistance. Roundup Ready®, and Liberty Link® maize are two varieties of GE crops grown in <strong>Boulder</strong> <strong>County</strong> currently. Overall, the literature has shown that GE crops can have environmental benefits due to generally decreased pesticide usage and stimulation of soil conservation practices. Estimates of the rates of pesticide use on transgenic varieties vary between crops and production systems, but have generally been found to reduce overall applications in the range of 3-15 percent, with some studies finding higher averages of 25-33 percent compared to conventional crop varieties and systems. While the adoption of GE crops has been shown to reduce the pounds of active ingredients of herbicides and insecticides, it has also been found to increase the use of the specific type of herbicide that the transgenic variety has been engineered to resist. A prominent example is a variety of herbicide resistant (in this case glyphosate) soybeans, which have reduced the need for overall quantity of non-glyphosate herbicides, but more than doubled the kilograms used per hectare of glyphosate. The increased reliance on pesticides in both conventional and GE cropping systems has increased the development of pesticide resistant species, and now over 300 different biotypes have displayed resistance to one or more herbicides or insecticides. At present the North American Herbicide Resistance Action Committee and the Weed Science Society of America (WSSA) have identified four different types of herbicide resistant weeds in Colorado, at over 2,000 sites and infesting about 66,000 acres in the state. The potential prevalence of pesticide resistance in weeds and insects was estimated in several studies to have the capacity to decrease benefits of current chemical pesticides, requiring more or different pesticides to achieve similar results in the future, and potentially negating previous environmental and financial benefits. Integrated pest management (IPM) is widely recognized as a method for reducing the use of chemical pesticides, while still limiting damage from pests, though several authors note the slow rates of adoption and local nature of methods as limiting factors to IPM being used more frequently. ",+" !,342#.5#6/1!78$.%3/23$1! 9.21$#23$1!:1;.1
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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LITERATURE
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Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

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