Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

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! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!=+!>5?324! 6.5 Current Regulations Regulations concerning agriculture are numerous and thus a substantial review could not be included in this literature review. Two of the most current regulations applicable to Boulder County and the GE regulation process are described below. GE Regulation Process In the U.S., the regulatory process for GE foods is under the jurisdiction of three separate agencies: the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the United States Department of Agriculture. Each agency performs a different function, essentially, the EPA regulates the environmental safety, the USDA evaluates the safety of the plant, and the FDA evaluates whether the plant is safe in food. The USDA has many internal divisions that assess GE foods including: the Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), which is responsible for issuing permits of approval for GE organisms, the Agricultural Research Service, and the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service. 504 Before issuing a permit the APHIS evaluates whether the GE crop will: 505 ! Expose other plants to pathogens ! Harm other organisms, including agriculturally beneficial organisms, threatened and endangered species, and, in the case of plants that produce pesticides, organisms that are not the intended target of the pesticide (nontarget organisms) ! Increase weediness in another species with which it might cross ! Have an adverse effect on the handling, processing, or storage of commodities ! Threaten biodiversity A number of factors determine which laws and regulations apply to GE foods and products. These include: the stage of development, the intended uses, the type of possible hazards, and the type of organism. 506 Intended uses determine which regulation applies to a given product derived from a genetically engineered organism. Given the large number of regulating agencies, regulations, and statues that apply to GE products, there are some discrepancies concerning who regulates which product. Figure 26 illustrates the broad categories of regulation and which agency evaluates the product. For example, whole food plants are regulated by the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, under the FDA. 507 ! ",(" !,342#.5#6/1!78$.%3/23$1! 9.21$#23$1!:1;.1
! ! !! "#$%&!'())!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!=+!>5?324! ! Figure 26: Agencies Responsible for Regulating Genetically Engineered Organisms 508 Note: The green and white categories (“EPA?”) are those that conceivably could be regulated by EPA under TSCA if they both were not regulated under another statute and posed an unreasonable risk of harm to people or the environment. USDA Deregulation of GE Alfalfa Alfalfa is the fourth largest crop by area harvested in the U.S. (over 20 million acres). Only about 40 percent of alfalfa fields are strictly alfalfa, the other 60 percent contain a mixture of alfalfa and grasses. 509 On January 27, 2011 the USDA announced that GE Roundup Ready® (RR) alfalfa, which is resistant to the effects of the weed killer glyphosate, would be non-regulated, meaning that the planting of GE RR alfalfa can be done without any restrictions. The decision could set a precedent for the deregulation of other GE crops in the future. The listed benefits of GE alfalfa are that it is reported to not have any nutritional or biological difference to non-GE alfalfa, could increase yields, and decrease price. 510 However, the gene transfer that can take place between the RR GE alfalfa and non-GE crops is still a concern. The potential for gene transfer in alfalfa grown for hay is not the same as that of alfalfa grown for seed due to very different production methods. Cross-pollination between RR alfalfa seed crops and that of a non-GE alfalfa seed crops has been realized in studies in Idaho and California. In contrast, gene transfer from one alfalfa hay field to another is theoretically possible, but several environmental barriers must occur for this to happen. These include: flowering must be simultaneous between fields, pollinators must be present, the pollen must accomplish fertilization, and those seeds must fall to the ground and germinate. When the vast majority of alfalfa hay fields are harvested, none of the seeds produced are viable for seed production and only zero to 25 percent of the alfalfa ",)" !,342#.5#6/1!78$.%3/23$1! 9.21$#23$1!:1;.1
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SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE LITERATURE
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Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

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