Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

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! !! "#$%&!'())!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!B=!@#-2$!CD11+-.D/! approximately 200,000 acres of agricultural land in eastern North Carolina, they reduced nitrogen runoff by over one million pounds per year. 309 Eutrophication An increased concentration of nutrients, especially phosphorus and nitrate, in a body of water is known as eutrophication. 310 Eutrophication, whether from natural or anthropogenic causes, can lead to extremely high rates of plant and organic matter growth, known as algal blooms. When large algal biomass builds during blooms, transparency decreases and the metabolism and decomposition of the algae depletes available oxygen, often to stressful and even lethal levels. 311 Eutrophication is a concern in many waterways because it typically leads to the death, via suffocation, of higher trophic level aquatic organisms such as fish. 312 In addition to these ecological effects, eutrophication can also present water quality concerns for municipal water supplies. According to the Colorado Water Resources Research Institute, most of the reservoirs along the Colorado Front Range have rates of eutrophication that are a cause for concern. 313 While increased levels of nutrients in irrigation water may be advantageous for farmers since they help reduce the need for fertilizers, they also present a multitude of problems for managers of municipal drinking water. The algal blooms clog intake filters, contribute taste and odor to treated drinking water, and cause elevated levels of total organic carbon (TOC), which when treated with disinfectants like chlorine, can 314, 315 produce harmful disinfection by-products. The majority of the reservoirs in the Front Range are phosphorus limited for most of the year with nitrogen limitation later in the summer, making them very sensitive to eutrophication. 316 When runoff from recently or over fertilized and manured agricultural lands delivers large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus to water bodies that are nutrient limited, high rates of eutrophication typically occur. 317 ! "&#" !*+,-#./#012!34$.%+1-+$2! 5.-2$#-+$2!627.28!
! !! "#$%&!'())!!!!!!!! !!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!B=!@#-2$!CD11+-.D/! 4.4 Pesticides as Water Pollutants Controlling crop pests like weeds, insects, and diseases can be a significant investment for agricultural operations. Pesticides, including herbicides, fungicides, and insecticides, not only have significant financial impacts, but also major implications for water and soil quality. 318 Pesticides have been detected in more than 90 percent of the wells sampled in urban and agricultural areas of the South Platte River Basin in northeast Colorado, which includes <strong>Boulder</strong> <strong>County</strong>. 319 The most commonly detected pesticide was atrazine, which was found in roughly 61 percent of the wells sampled in the South Platte River Basin and almost 30 percent of the wells tested in Colorado (Graph 6). Alachlor, metalachlor, and simazine were also detected in the South Platte River Basin but not Colorado as a whole. 320 While the types of pesticides detected in the basin were similar to those found across the U.S., 321 the frequency of pesticide detections place the area in the highest 25 percent of all basins tested nationally. 322 The most commonly used herbicide, glyphosate was not found in the wells sampled. Glyphosate is highly adsorbed on soils especially those with high organic content, making leaching very unlikely due to the compounds strong attachment to soil. 323 An estimate of glyphosate loss showed that less than two percent of the applied chemical was lost to runoff. 324 While the loss of glyphosate is minimal, it can be broken down into more water-soluble forms by microbes, however, the time it takes for half of the product to break down ranges from one to 174 days. 325 ! Graph 6: Statewide Detection of Pesticides in Groundwater (Colorado) 326 The concentrations and total number of pesticides detected in Colorado groundwater are typically higher during the growing season (April-September), with the highest concentrations occurring soon after application periods. Applications generally occur before or early in the growing season (March-May) and in the middle of the growing season (June-July). Additionally, pesticides have been detected year-round at low concentrations in areas regardless of season or streamflow volume, potentially indicating pesticides can persist long-term in shallow alluvial aquifers. 327 "&$" !*+,-#./#012!34$.%+1-+$2! 5.-2$#-+$2!627.28!
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Sustainable Agriculture Literature Review - Boulder County

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