Priscila Lena Farias / Anna Calvera Marcos da Costa ... - Blucher

BARBOSA, Elisa Jorge Quartim / SARMENTO, Fernanda
plying design for disassembly after disposal. There are several
industrial products that fit this case, such as refrigerators, appliances,
auto components, some electronic components etc. (fig.
4).
Figure 4. The company TUPA produces a collection of handmade bamboo beds
treated with wood locking and strips of air cameras to bind it. They are delivered
disassembled in a packaging which is used as a component of the bed. It is cut
into pieces filled with straw, rice or small stones and then tied to serve as the foot
of the bed (Manzini & Vezzoli 2008: 131).
There is also the case of durable product reused in another function.
In the Brazilian design, perhaps because of economic and
technological limitations, this practice is adopted frequently,
almost entirely handmade. Our most notorious example is Fernando
and Humberto Campana (fig. 5, 6 and 7), who often reuse
materials in different applications. Lina Bo Bardi had already noticed
this reuse vocation in the Brazilian vernacular design (fig.
8 and 9). Another category of this group includes the products
that, without altering its physical and chemical properties, are
reprocessed, such as aluminum cans and glass. And finally we
have the case of reusable containers such as bottles of beer.
7. Sorted waste management
As defined by law: “Collection of solid waste, pre-sorted according
to its constitution or composition” (Article 3, Section V).
Waste sorting is one of the tools used in the implementation of
shared responsibility for the product life-cycle, where consumers
and large generators of waste should be organized to acquire
the means to select recyclable materials, assorted by type of
Figure 5. Gude necklace from the Brazilian artist Mana Bernardes, in nylon net and
marbles (Arc Design, n. 39, 2004: 55).
Figure 6. Sushi Chair IV from the Campana Brothers in felt, EVA, fabric rubber, PVC
and carpet, with metal structure (Arc Design, n. 29, 2003: 19).
Figure 7. Lego lamp from the designer Luiz Pedrazzi, made of parts from the wellknown
toy Lego (Arc Design, n. 44, 2005: 21).
material, for future recycling. The design may come as a facilitator
in the process of public awareness on the implementation
and dissemination of the National Policy on Solid Waste, through
projects involving visual communication in the various areas of
graphic design, such as, printed and electronic media, signaling
projects etc. There is already a visual standardization for colors
or symbols, according to CONAMA (2011) (fig. 10), to facilitate
the selective process of collection, but this initiative, as well as
many others, require greater disclosure.
In addition, new equipment could be developed to expedite the
waste separation, for example: new residential containers or
even new industrial containers for large recyclable material generators,
as provided in the article 35 of the law, where consumers
are required to adequately pack and make the generated
solid waste available.
8. Recycling
As defined by law: “The process of solid waste transformation
that involves the alteration of their physical, physicochemical
or biological state, aiming on transforming it in new inputs or
products, subject to the conditions and standards set by the
competent bodies of Sisnama and, if applicable, of the SNVS and
Suasa” (Article 3, Section XIV).
With the law on solid waste, recycling becomes official as one
of the main ways to reuse and recover solid waste. It helps to
avoid the extraction of new raw materials from nature, prolonging
its life-cycle. For years, Brazil has structured recycling based
on informal workers who collect recyclable waste in the streets.
These “catadores” were initially motivated by financial need,
even before most people recognize the value of their work. The
design may come as a facilitator in the process of using the recycling
material, developing products already designed for its
post-use (fig. 11, 12 and 13), or can even develop equipment to
improve the “catadores” work.
The working condition in the majority of cooperatives is poor. The
workplaces for the materials separation are improvised and they
are not designed considering the ergonomics and health of the
workers. As the picture taken at the Coopere Centro cooperative
(fig. 14) shows, the conveyor has a very low height and runs
very fast, so that workers have difficulty working, pivcking up
only the large-volume materials. Besides the physical problems
that it can cause, the conveyor is not efficient in order to collect
as much material as possible. In the case of Coopere Centro,
everything that was not selected through the conveyor, goes
straight to the landfill. The solid waste law brings a great opportunity
for designers to develop new equipment, and systems, to
facilitate the recycling work done in the cooperatives.
9. Packaging design
As defined by law: “The packaging must be manufactured with
materials that facilitate the reuse or recycling” (Article 32).
Design Frontiers: Territiories, Concepts, Technologies 300
Figure 8. Kerosene
lamp made from an
old lamp (Lina Bo
Bardi, 1993: 210).).
Figure 9. Barbecue
grill made out of a
washing machine drum
(Pavilhão das Culturas
Brasileiras: Puras Misturas,
2010: 204).