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Immunosuppression and the resulting increased susceptibility to disease, including parasitism, has been observed in molluscs and other marine animals exposed to oil spills (Hodgins et al., 1977; Sindermann, 1982). Since some hyperplastic or neoplastic (cancer-like) lesions in molluscs are known or suspected of being caused by viruses, bacteria, or fungi (Couch and Winstead, 1979), similar cancer-like lesions in bivalves from oil spill sites may result from petroleum-mediated infection with pathogenic organisms. 1.2.3 Biochemistry/Physiology. Several physiological or biochemical measures of metabolic energy partitioning and nutritional status may be sensitive indices of sublethal pollutant stress in marine invertebrates. This conclusion is based on the hypothesis, supported by substantial experimental data, that a majority of pollutants at environmentally realistic concentrations, which are usually well below concentrations that are acutely lethal, act as loading stressors. Chronic exposure of the animal to these sublethal pollutant concentrations leads to an increase in the metabolic cost of basic biological maintenance and homeostatic functions. Less energy is available for growth and reproductive processes, and nutrient reserves are depleted. Recent reviews supporting this hypothesis include those of Rosenthal and Alderdice (1976) and Bayne et al. (1979; 1982). Typical responses of bivalve molluscs to chronic exposure to sublethal concentrations of petroleum include alterations in respiration rate or ratio of oxygen consumed to nitrogen excreted (Capuzzo, 1981; Widdows et al., 1982), reduction in nutrient assimilation and scope for growth (Dow, 1975; Gilfillan et al., 1976; Gilfillan and Vandermeulen, 1978; Keck et al., 1978; Stekoll et al., 1980; Bayne et al., 1982; Mahoney and Noyes, 1982), reduced growth rate (Anderson et al., 1983), depletion of glycogen reserves (Stainken, 1976), changes in tissue free amino acid concentrations and ratios (Jeffries, 1972; Roesijadi and Anderson, 1979; Augenfeld et al., 1980), and decrease in condition index (Roesijadi and Anderson, 1979; Augenfeld et al., 1980). All these responses are indicative of a pollutant-mediated increase in metabolic load (loading stress) on the animals. In oysters from the Amoco Cadiz oil spill site, we have observed statistically significant long-term (more than two years) changes in tissue free amino acid ratios, blood glucose concentration, and reserves of glycogen and ascorbic acid (Neff and Haensley, 1982). 14
2. HYDROCARBON BIOACCUMULATION 2.1 Materials and Methods Specimens of Mya truncata, Serripes groenlandicus, and Astarte borealis were collected, when available in sufficient numbers, from the 3-meter and 7-meter transects in all four bays (Figure 2.1) at three sampling times, immediately pre-spill, immediately post-spill, and approximately two weeks after the experimental spills. Animals were wrapped in aluminum foil and frozen for air shipment to the laboratory. Aromatic hydrocarbons and sulfur heterocyclics in tissues were analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry/data systems (GC/MS/DS). In order to investigate the polycyclic aromatic nitrogen heterocyclic (PANH) composition and content of the tissue, sample extracts from molluscs taken along the two depth strata were pooled and analyzed by GC/MS for PANH. Very briefly, the analytical methods used were identical to those of Boehm, Barak, Fiest and Elskus (1982), a modification of the Warner (1976) alkaline digestion-extraction procedure. After fractionating the extract on an alumina-silica acid column, the saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons were analyzed by capillary GC and computer-assisted GC/MS (GD/MS/DS). GS/MS/DS analyses focused on the two- to five-ringed aromatic compounds. PANH analyses involved the GC/MS analysis of an aqueous acid extract of the total extractable (solvent) lipids, which had been neutralized and back extracted with solvent to recover the basic PANH compounds. 2.2 Results Results from Boehm (1982) of analyses of total saturate and aromatic hydrocarbons in five species of bivalves, including the three species treated in detail in this report, are summarized in Table 2.1. The three filter-feeders, Mya truncata, Serripes groenlandicus, and Astarte borealis from the bays receiving dispersed oil (Bays 7, 9 and 10) rapidly accumulated petroleum hydrocarbons to high levels within a few days of the spills. In Bay 11 which received undispersed oil, these species accumulated petroleum hydrocarbons more slowly. Animals from the three bays receiving dispersed oil, released 15
Page 1 and 2: Outer Continental Shelf Environment
Page 5: OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ENVIRONMENT
Page 9: Outer Continental Shelf Environment
Page 13 and 14: TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures 5
Page 15 and 16: LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. BIOS si
Page 17 and 18: LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Table 3.1
Page 19 and 20: SUMMARY Infaunal bivalve molluscs f
Page 21 and 22: FINAL REPORT on BAFFIN ISLAND EXPER
Page 23: they have little or no ability to m
Page 27 and 28: Table 2.1. Summary of oil concentra
Page 29 and 30: some of the oil during the period b
Page 31 and 32: Figure 2.3. Variation of aromatic h
Page 33 and 34: Figure 2.5. Mya truncata-GC 2 profi
Page 35 and 36: Figure 2.7. Aromatic profiles from
Page 37 and 38: Figure 2.9. Mya truncata aromatic p
Page 39 and 40: Figure 2.11. Mya truncata-GC 2 prof
Page 41 and 42: Figure 2.13. Concentrations of oil
Page 43 and 44: Figure 2.15. Mya truncata-Bay 11 (a
Page 46 and 47: Figure 2.17. Variation of aromatic
Page 48 and 49: Figure 2.19. Serripes groenlandicus
Page 52 and 53: Figure 2.23. Aromatic hydrocarbon p
Page 58 and 59: Figure 2.30. Astarte aromatic profi
Page 62 and 63: Figure 2.34. Aromatic hydrocarbon G
Page 66 and 67: Astarte, Bay 9, 1-day post-spill, 7
Page 68 and 69: increase in water-borne oil concent
Page 70 and 71: decision based on GC 2 . Oil levels
Page 72 and 73: profiles of tissue extracts of the
Page 74 and 75:
A similar differential behavior of
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Table 3.1. Dates of collection and
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Fixed specimens from the 1981 colle
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Table 3.4. Summary of histopatholog
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Table 3.6. Summary of histopatholog
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Figure 3.1. Granulocytoma in testis
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Figure 3.5. Excessively vacuolated
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4. BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF OIL The o
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Table 4.1. Carbohydrates and lipids
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Table 4.2. Concentrations of petrol
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Table 4.4. Mean concentrations of f
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In clams collected immediately befo
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Table 4.7. A summary of associated
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parameters measured. Clams from the
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alone was more gradual and reached
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interfered with feeding, gonadal de
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Brown, R.S., C.W. Brown, and S.B. S
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Malins, D.C. 1982. Alterations in t
Page 113:
APPENDIX I: PANH COMPOUNDS IN OIL 1
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SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT **
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT **
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT
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FILE NUMBER 12421
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Page 127 and 128:
XX SPECTRUM DISPLAV/EDIT **
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Page 131 and 132:
** SPECTRUM DISPLAVY/EDIT **
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APPENDIX III: ASTARTE BOREALIS: BAY
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT**
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Page 151 and 152:
Page 153 and 154:
** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT **X
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APPENDIX V: SERRIPES GROENLANDICUS:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 165:
FEEDING ECOLOGY OF JUVENILE KING AN
Page 168 and 169:
DIETARY COMPOSITION ...............
Page 170 and 171:
Figure 13a. Loss of precipitin reac
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Table 10. Dietary composition of ju
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ABSTRACT To determine the food requ
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FEEDING ECOLOGY OF JUVENILE KING AN
Page 179 and 180:
Figure 1.--Station locations during
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Figure 3. Station locations during
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efore freezing. From large catches
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percentage of the maximum stomach v
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The amount evacuated is given by th
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examined entered the dry weight ana
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Battelle's Pacific Northwest Divisi
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tows and trawling as techniques for
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Stomach fullness plotted against ti
Page 197 and 198:
Figure 4. Decay curve for the clear
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life of the compartment. Similarly,
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Figure 6. Exponential decay curve f
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Figure 8. Exponential decay curve f
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A comparison of the equations in Ta
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hard parts with the palps and then
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Figure 10. Standardized dry weight
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Table 5. Diel feeding chronology fr
Page 213 and 214:
These results are comparable to tho
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Figure 12. The frequency of newly d
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Table 7. Continued
Page 219 and 220:
Table 9. Dietary composition (% fre
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Table 11. Dietary composition of ju
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Table 12. Dietary composition (% fr
Page 225 and 226:
Table 14. Soft tissue to hard tissu
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Table 16. Dietary composition (% of
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polychaetes in both June and August
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Table 18. Continued 221
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and, therefore, had a caloric value
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Table 21. Caloric intake from vario
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Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Table 27. Results of visual examina
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They were then fed thawed juvenile
Page 245 and 246:
eing tested rather than to cross re
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against its respective antigen and
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Table 29. Results of visual examina
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DISCUSSION IMMUNOASSAY The immunolo
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juvenile king crabs may depend on c
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Table 32. Comparison of August diet
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stomach contents but soft-bodied po
Page 259 and 260:
The assumption that, at least for t
Page 261 and 262:
shows high similiarity between the
Page 263 and 264:
supply requires prediction of the s
Page 265 and 266:
have been shown to readily and rapi
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Using the diel feeding chronologies
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to 70 m, potential effects from dis
Page 271 and 272:
REFERENCES Addy, J. M., D. Levell,
Page 273 and 274:
Hill, B. J. 1976. Natural food, for
Page 275:
Tyler, A. V, 1973. Caloric values o
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CLARIFICATION All references to "se
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4.0 DISCUSSION ....................
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Figure 3.2-2 Cruise 83-3 larval red
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was ori
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ABSTRACT The goal of this study was
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SECTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION The red ki
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1.1 Study Objectives The goal of th
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than 50 m. The oceanography of the
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entering the fishery have declined
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females. This relationship supports
Page 301 and 302:
time to temperature. Time from egg-
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Juvenile crab in 2+ to 3+ age class
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB CRUISE 83
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Page 310 and 311:
BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB STATION I
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2.1.2 Field Gear and Sampling Metho
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consisted of 24 hours on all cruise
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were recorded for subsamples of lar
Page 318 and 319:
200 individuals of the most common
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB STUDY ARE
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Epibenthic density and biomass data
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Page 326 and 327:
Page 328 and 329:
Page 330 and 331:
Page 332 and 333:
Page 334 and 335:
Page 336 and 337:
little vertical temperature stratif
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TABLE 3.1-1 (continued) 328
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB PERCENT G
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etween Unimak Island and Port Molle
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB SIDE-SCAN
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TABLE 3.2-1 MEAN LARVAL RED KING CR
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stations in this area where larval
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three-day period in June showed rat
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB DIEL VERT
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TABLE 3.3-1 GEOMETRIC MEAN DENSITIE
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during the June cruise (83-3). duri
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TABLE 3.4-2 NUMBER OF POST LARVAL R
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TABLE 3.4-3 NUMBER OF POST LARVAL R
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB TRYNET SA
Page 366 and 367:
BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB TRYNET AN
Page 368 and 369:
BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB DISTRIBUT
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
NORTH ALEUTIAN BASIN RED KING CRAB
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TABLE 3.5-3 CORRELATION MATRIX FOR
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TABLE 3.5-5 CORRELATION MATRIX FOR
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
Page 382 and 383:
at one 50 m deep TB station west of
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TABLE 3.6-2 SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL I
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TABLE 3.7-1 SUMMARY OF TRYNET CATCH
Page 388 and 389:
Page 390 and 391:
group AB, especially the fish speci
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB LARVAL DE
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB LARVAL DE
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB KNOWN CIR
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Bay and west to Cape Newenham. The
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB 1978, 197
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protection against predators, as we
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which provides for adequate food (i
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4.5 Potential Effects of Oil and Ga
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to a great extent tidally driven, t
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(1983b), the same volume of oil is
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB SURFACE O
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Overt, rapid mortality of adult cra
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viability of the gametes is impaire
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detected by chemosensory organs. Pe
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and Alaskan species of shrimp and c
Page 422 and 423:
interannual variability in abundanc
Page 424 and 425:
that are killed by oil north of Uni
Page 426 and 427:
Long-term, sublethal effects may al
Page 428 and 429:
Botsford, L. and D. Wickham. 1978.
Page 430 and 431:
Harris, R.P., V. Bergudugo, E.D.S.
Page 432 and 433:
Kurata, H. 1961. Studies on the lar
Page 434 and 435:
Paul, A.J., J. Paul, P. Shoemaker a
Page 436 and 437:
Takeuchi, I. 1962, trans. 1967. On
Page 439:
APPENDIX A MEAN LARVAL RED KING CRA
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APPENDIX B TRAWL GEAR TYPES USED BY
Page 445:
APPENDIX C: TRAWL/DREDGE NOTES 435
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APPENDIX C (continued) 438
Page 450 and 451:
Page 452 and 453:
Page 454 and 455:
Page 456 and 457:
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
Page 462 and 463:
Page 465 and 466:
APPENDIX D GUT CONTENT ANALYSIS FIE
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APPENDIX D (continued) 457
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APPENDIX E: MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESS
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APPENDIX E (continued) 462
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Page 476 and 477:
Page 478 and 479:
Page 480 and 481:
Page 483:
APPENDIX F: JUVENILE RED KING CRAB
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APPENDIX F (continued) Figure Fl. S
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DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF DECAP
Page 492 and 493:
4.0 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF T
Page 494 and 495:
8.3 Larval Decapod Biology, Sensiti
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Figure 3.4 Figure 3.5 Figure 3.6 Fi
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Figure 5.8 Distribution and abundan
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Figure 6.29 Distribution and abunda
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Table 4.5 Table 4.6 Table 5.1 Table
Page 505 and 506:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to
Page 507 and 508:
1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 Justif
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Larval stages are generally conside
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extent in 1982) did we have the opp
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The sections of this report describ
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Table 2.1. Dates and sources of zoo
Page 518 and 519:
techniques which attempt to equally
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verification of results or examinat
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cation of these larvae and the vari
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meters) was often similar (generall
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Bongo frame, the MOCNESS frame cann
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abundance within strata were made b
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520
Page 532 and 533:
522
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524
Page 536 and 537:
526
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528
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Figure 2.21 Locations and boundarie
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Figure 3.1. Location of proposed le
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characterized as part of the subarc
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Fig. 3.4. Distribution of male red
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Figure 3.5. Abundance estimates of
Page 550 and 551:
pheromone cues could impair males'
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on larvae hatched elsewhere, includ
Page 554 and 555:
aggregations could influence suscep
Page 556 and 557:
Fig. 3.7a. Distribution and relativ
Page 558 and 559:
the benthic habitat associated with
Page 560 and 561:
conclusions of Slizkin (1973) who r
Page 562 and 563:
A further observation germane to th
Page 564 and 565:
Fig. 3.10. Major king crab catch ar
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3.4 Results 3.4.1 Distribution and
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11 and 12 (Figs. 3.11, 3.12). Too f
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Table 3.1. Number of zooplankton sa
Page 572 and 573:
Because of the poor spatial coverag
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made them imperfect in areas (Fig.
Page 576 and 577:
Table 3.2. A summary of larval red
Page 578 and 579:
Fig. 3.15. Distribution and relativ
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Fig. 3.16. Interannual differences
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[An interesting note on annual abun
Page 584 and 585:
Fig. 3.17a. Frequency of occurrence
Page 586 and 587:
The occurrence of a multi-stage lar
Page 588 and 589:
megalopae. These combinations of ye
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to early August (Fig. 3.17b), and s
Page 592 and 593:
Fig. 3.21. Vertical distribution of
Page 594 and 595:
consequences of oil exposure scenar
Page 596 and 597:
abundance in time and space is corr
Page 598 and 599:
Female crabs were abundant in strat
Page 600 and 601:
observing that: 1) the mature femal
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Much research on king crab biology
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12) Determine interannual differenc
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around the traditional king crab fi
Page 608 and 609:
Table 4.1. Historic U.S. Tanner cra
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(NMFS) since the early 1970's. In a
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Fig. 4.2b Centers of abundance of b
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4.3 Reproduction and Description of
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oth species for 80 mm specimens, bu
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from all stations were pooled for v
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Fig. 4.4. Timing of appearance of l
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Table 4.3. Timing of appearance of
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megalops larvae of both species and
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Table 4 . 5 .Proportion of Stage II
Page 628 and 629:
Fig. 4.5. Temporal aspects of devel
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assumes a relatively homogeneous di
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Methods for analysis of depth distr
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Fig. 4.7. Vertical distribution of
Page 636 and 637:
were found in the upper 40 m. Eight
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From the diel stations, 10% or more
Page 640 and 641:
difficulties in quantitatively samp
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
The distribution patterns for C. ba
Page 646 and 647:
3. Most of the larval hatchout occu
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5.0 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF O
Page 651 and 652:
Table 5.2. Early life history infor
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tions are not available for them. D
Page 655 and 656:
to as wide as 250 mm wide by a maxi
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alutaceus larvae were collected fro
Page 659 and 660:
Table 5.3. Species list of non-Chio
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annually, which resulted in little
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Figure 5.1 Vertical distribution of
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examining their vertical larval dis
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also July of 1981. Within strata, b
Page 669 and 670:
Figure 5.3 Seasonal occurrence of l
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Figure 5.5 Mean density and one sta
Page 673 and 674:
Long-shelf density of Erimacrus lar
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Figure 5.6 Frequency-of-occurrence
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Page 679 and 680:
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Figure 5.10 Distribution of mean de
Page 683 and 684:
Figure 5.12 Distribution of mean de
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at 21% of all stations sampled and
Page 687 and 688:
Table 5.7. Frequency of occurrence
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1980
Page 692 and 693:
2) In May and June of all years com
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Figure 5.15 Locations and densities
Page 696 and 697:
excess of 100,000/100 m² were foun
Page 698 and 699:
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Distribution and Abundance: Larvae
Page 702 and 703:
Table 5.10. Stratum number Frequenc
Page 704 and 705:
Figure 5.20. Mean density and one s
Page 706 and 707:
Pandalus borealis - Haynes 1979 Pan
Page 708 and 709:
Table 6.1. Comparison of life histo
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this age are non-reproducing or ste
Page 712 and 713:
Bering Sea stocks during the early
Page 714 and 715:
in the Bering Sea but Butler (1980)
Page 716 and 717:
6.3 Hippolytidae The Hippolytidae a
Page 718 and 719:
summer food for spotted seals. Fede
Page 720 and 721:
21% of the 1976 tows (Feder 1978).
Page 722 and 723:
Figure 6.1 Frequency of occurrence
Page 724 and 725:
Page 726 and 727:
A stage frequency histogram for P.
Page 728 and 729:
Figure 6.4 Pandalus tridens stage f
Page 730 and 731:
ottom. A pandalid larval type that
Page 732 and 733:
Pandalopsis dispar was taken only o
Page 734 and 735:
Page 736 and 737:
Page 738 and 739:
Figure 6.10 P. borealis larval abun
Page 740 and 741:
outer shelf with the oceanic area b
Page 742 and 743:
Since P. tridens occurred less freq
Page 744 and 745:
Page 746 and 747:
outer shelf during those years. Sam
Page 748 and 749:
Figure 6.16 Vertical depth distribu
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Page 752 and 753:
SI zoeae were first taken in March
Page 754 and 755:
Page 756 and 757:
Page 758 and 759:
Table 6.7. Cross-shelf comparison o
Page 760 and 761:
during PROBES 1980 and 1981 samplin
Page 762 and 763:
4) Larvae were distributed homogene
Page 764 and 765:
Figure 6.25 Crangon spp. stage freq
Page 766 and 767:
Figure 6.26 Argis spp. distribution
Page 768 and 769:
Page 770 and 771:
Page 772 and 773:
Figure 6.31 Crangon spp. larval abu
Page 774 and 775:
Page 776 and 777:
2) The intermolt period of about 2
Page 778 and 779:
Figure 6.33, these deepwater shrimp
Page 780 and 781:
Page 782 and 783:
Page 784 and 785:
3) Larvae were in the water column
Page 787 and 788:
7.0 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF H
Page 789 and 790:
Table 7.2. Reproductive data for fo
Page 791 and 792:
and 1976 (between the Pribilof Isla
Page 793 and 794:
Figure 7.1 Paguridae stage frequenc
Page 795 and 796:
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Page 799 and 800:
Page 801 and 802:
Figure 7.6 Mean larval densities of
Page 803 and 804:
Figure 7.8 Vertical depth distribut
Page 805:
3) Larval duration in the plankton
Page 808 and 809:
and oil transport developed for the
Page 810 and 811:
Figure 8.1 Current directions and n
Page 812 and 813:
discussed by participants at the St
Page 814 and 815:
Larval Feeding: Studies with other
Page 816 and 817:
and high resultant mortality. Sonnt
Page 818 and 819:
The third reproductive effect invol
Page 820 and 821:
to and impact on, pelagic and benth
Page 822 and 823:
3. Oil was mixed to a 50-m depth in
Page 824 and 825:
synthesis as mutagenic/teratogenic
Page 826 and 827:
One or two very weak year-classes r
Page 828 and 829:
were covered by lower concentration
Page 830 and 831:
Figure 8.3 Surface oil trajectories
Page 832 and 833:
are to the west-southwest (Fig. 8.4
Page 834 and 835:
Large volumes of oil reaching shall
Page 836 and 837:
of time in the neuston layer. If th
Page 838 and 839:
in this area and so deleterious eff
Page 840 and 841:
4. Exposure of developing eggs and
Page 843 and 844:
LITERATURE CITED Adams, A. E. 1979.
Page 845 and 846:
Butler, T. H. 1971. A review of the
Page 847 and 848:
Feder, H. M. and S. C. Jewett. 1980
Page 849 and 850:
Haynes, E. B. 1980a. Larval morphol
Page 851 and 852:
Ivanov, B. G. 1964. Results in the
Page 853 and 854:
Kurata, H. 1960. Studies on the lar
Page 855 and 856:
Douglas Wolfe, ed. Fate and Effects
Page 857 and 858:
Motoh, H. 1976. The larval stages o
Page 859 and 860:
king crab Paralithodes camtschatica
Page 861 and 862:
Roncholt, L. L. 1963. Distribution
Page 863 and 864:
Somerton, D. A. and R. A. Macintosh
Page 865 and 866:
Wencker, D. L., L. S. Incze, and D.
Page 867:
APPENDICES: A: S.E. Bering Sea Shri
Page 871 and 872:
APPENDIX B. References used for ide
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APPENDIX C. Paguridae and Lithodida
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TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .......
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zoeae of these two species from the
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the curved lateral processes reach
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Additional Morphological Features U
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APPLICATION OF FINDINGS TO FIELD ST
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Kurata, H. 1963. Larvae of Decapoda
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