Vol. 53 - Alaska Resources Library and Information Services

8.2.1 Effects on Larvae
A wealth of information has been generated on oil toxicity to marine
invertebrates (Malins 1977; Wolfe 1977) and many investigators have
been specifically concerned with sensitivity of larval crustaceans (Wells
and Sprague 1976; Bigford 1977; Caldwell et al. 1977; Tatem 1977; Cucci
and Epifanio 1979).
Karinen (1981) has reviewed toxicity of oil to
Pacific Northwest and Alaskan species of shrimp and crab including
Dungeness crab (Cancer magister), king and Tanner crab, and pandalid
shrimp. Rice et al. (1975) and Vanderhorst et al. (1976) reported that
96 hr LC 50 values for juvenile and adult pandalid shrimp range from
0.8-11.0 mg/l as water soluble fractions (WSF). Pandalid larvae, however,
are a more sensitive life history stage as evidenced by 96 hr LC50
value from 1.0 mg/l WSF down to .3 mg/l as single aromatic compounds
such as naphthalene (Mecklenburg et al. 1977; Rice et al. 1975; Rice et
al. 1979).
Sublethal effects including failure to swim and/or molt
inhibition occurred at concentrations from 0.7 to 0.3 mg/l WSF.
A 96 hr
exposure of pandalid larvae to 0.6 mg/l WSF caused a 70% reduction in
molting from S I to S II zoeae (Mecklenburg et al. 1977).
Dungeness
crab zoeae were susceptible to WSF as low as 0.22 mg/1
(Caldwell et al.
1977). Larval king and Tanner crab are equally sensitive to hydrocarbons.
Death of Paralithodes camtschatica larvae or failure to swim is
caused by WSF of 0.8 to 2.0 mg/1
(Brodersen et al. 1977; Mecklenburg et
al. 1977), and Chionoecetes bairdi larvae are immobilized by a 96 hr
exposure to 1.7 mg/l WSF (Brodersen et al. 1977).
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