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ecology of young juveniles in Dutch Harbor that, along with descriptions of habitat occupied around Kodiak Island (Jewett and Powell 1981; Powell and Nickerson 1965) and in Kachemak Bay (Sundberg and Clausen 1979) has led to a hypothesis of strict habitat requirements for survival (Armstrong 1983; Armstrong, et al. 1983b). A working hypothesis in the beginning of the present study was that O+ juveniles require substrate that affords both refuge from predators and adequate food (e.g. shell, cobble, biological materials such as tube worms). The link between the location of megalops larvae at metamorphosis and appropriate bottom material was viewed as one critical determinant of year class strength. Location of such refuge substrate and 0+ to 1+ juveniles was found previously to be very difficult along the NAS. During a 1982 OCSEAP project to study feeding habits of small juvenile red king crab, almost no animals in this size range (about 5 to 25 mm carapace length) were found using nets, divers and underwater cameras (W. Pearson, Battelle NW Laboratories, pers. communication). The National Marine Fisheries Service has caught virtually no crab of this size in over a decade of extensive sampling (e.g. Otto, et al. 1982). Armstrong, et al. (1983b) attributed this to inappropriately large gear and little effort nearshore where they assumed this stage must be most common. Growth rates of 0+ and older juveniles have been studied and animals reach mean carapace lengths of about 11 mm, 35 mm, 60 mm and 80 mm at one, two, three and four years, respectively (Powell and Nickerson 1965; Weber 1967). Growth models for the species have been developed by McCaughran and Powell (1977), Reeves and Marasco (1980) and Weber (1967). Young-of-the-year molt from eight (Powell 1967) to 11 (Weber 1967) times in the first year. Such a high frequency of molting could make them particularly susceptible to nearshore oil pollution since ecdysis is the time of greatest sensitivity to toxicant stress (Armstrong, et al. 1976; Karinen 1981). 292
Juvenile crab in 2+ to 3+ age classes (entering their third through fourth year) form large aggregates called "pods" in the Gulf of Alaska (Powell and Nickerson 1965). Podding behavior is probably based on chemosensory cues (subject to oil effects) and is thought to serve as protection from predators. It is not known if the same behavior occurs among juveniles of the North Aleutian Shelf. Red king crab are sexually mature at about 95-100 mm carapace length for males (NOAA 1981; Weber 1967) and 85-90 mm for females in the Bering Sea (Weber 1967) or 93-122 mm in the Gulf of Alaska (Powell and Nickerson 1965). Animals are five to six years old at sexual maturity and males are therefore capable of breeding two to three years prior to entering the fishery at about eight years of age. 293
Page 1 and 2:
Outer Continental Shelf Environment
Page 5:
OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ENVIRONMENT
Page 9:
Outer Continental Shelf Environment
Page 13 and 14:
TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures 5
Page 15 and 16:
LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. BIOS si
Page 17 and 18:
LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Table 3.1
Page 19 and 20:
SUMMARY Infaunal bivalve molluscs f
Page 21 and 22:
FINAL REPORT on BAFFIN ISLAND EXPER
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they have little or no ability to m
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2. HYDROCARBON BIOACCUMULATION 2.1
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Table 2.1. Summary of oil concentra
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some of the oil during the period b
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Figure 2.3. Variation of aromatic h
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Figure 2.5. Mya truncata-GC 2 profi
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Figure 2.7. Aromatic profiles from
Page 37 and 38:
Figure 2.9. Mya truncata aromatic p
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Figure 2.11. Mya truncata-GC 2 prof
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Figure 2.13. Concentrations of oil
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Figure 2.15. Mya truncata-Bay 11 (a
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Figure 2.17. Variation of aromatic
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Figure 2.19. Serripes groenlandicus
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Figure 2.23. Aromatic hydrocarbon p
Page 54 and 55:
Page 56 and 57:
Page 58 and 59:
Figure 2.30. Astarte aromatic profi
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Figure 2.34. Aromatic hydrocarbon G
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Astarte, Bay 9, 1-day post-spill, 7
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increase in water-borne oil concent
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decision based on GC 2 . Oil levels
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profiles of tissue extracts of the
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A similar differential behavior of
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Table 3.1. Dates of collection and
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Fixed specimens from the 1981 colle
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Table 3.4. Summary of histopatholog
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Table 3.6. Summary of histopatholog
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Figure 3.1. Granulocytoma in testis
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Figure 3.5. Excessively vacuolated
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4. BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF OIL The o
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Table 4.1. Carbohydrates and lipids
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Table 4.2. Concentrations of petrol
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Table 4.4. Mean concentrations of f
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In clams collected immediately befo
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Table 4.7. A summary of associated
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parameters measured. Clams from the
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alone was more gradual and reached
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interfered with feeding, gonadal de
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Brown, R.S., C.W. Brown, and S.B. S
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Malins, D.C. 1982. Alterations in t
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APPENDIX I: PANH COMPOUNDS IN OIL 1
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SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT **
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT **
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT
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FILE NUMBER 12421
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Page 127 and 128:
XX SPECTRUM DISPLAV/EDIT **
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Page 131 and 132:
** SPECTRUM DISPLAVY/EDIT **
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APPENDIX III: ASTARTE BOREALIS: BAY
Page 136 and 137:
Page 138 and 139:
Page 140 and 141:
Page 142 and 143:
Page 145 and 146:
Page 147 and 148:
** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT**
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Page 151 and 152:
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT **X
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APPENDIX V: SERRIPES GROENLANDICUS:
Page 158 and 159:
Page 160 and 161:
Page 162 and 163:
Page 165:
FEEDING ECOLOGY OF JUVENILE KING AN
Page 168 and 169:
DIETARY COMPOSITION ...............
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Figure 13a. Loss of precipitin reac
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Table 10. Dietary composition of ju
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ABSTRACT To determine the food requ
Page 177 and 178:
FEEDING ECOLOGY OF JUVENILE KING AN
Page 179 and 180:
Figure 1.--Station locations during
Page 181 and 182:
Figure 3. Station locations during
Page 183 and 184:
efore freezing. From large catches
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percentage of the maximum stomach v
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The amount evacuated is given by th
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examined entered the dry weight ana
Page 191 and 192:
Battelle's Pacific Northwest Divisi
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tows and trawling as techniques for
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Stomach fullness plotted against ti
Page 197 and 198:
Figure 4. Decay curve for the clear
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life of the compartment. Similarly,
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Figure 6. Exponential decay curve f
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Figure 8. Exponential decay curve f
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A comparison of the equations in Ta
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hard parts with the palps and then
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Figure 10. Standardized dry weight
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Table 5. Diel feeding chronology fr
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These results are comparable to tho
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Figure 12. The frequency of newly d
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Table 7. Continued
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Table 9. Dietary composition (% fre
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Table 11. Dietary composition of ju
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Table 12. Dietary composition (% fr
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Table 14. Soft tissue to hard tissu
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Table 16. Dietary composition (% of
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polychaetes in both June and August
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Table 18. Continued 221
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and, therefore, had a caloric value
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Table 21. Caloric intake from vario
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Page 239 and 240:
Page 241 and 242:
Table 27. Results of visual examina
Page 243 and 244:
They were then fed thawed juvenile
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eing tested rather than to cross re
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against its respective antigen and
Page 249 and 250:
Table 29. Results of visual examina
Page 251 and 252: DISCUSSION IMMUNOASSAY The immunolo
Page 253 and 254: juvenile king crabs may depend on c
Page 255 and 256: Table 32. Comparison of August diet
Page 257 and 258: stomach contents but soft-bodied po
Page 259 and 260: The assumption that, at least for t
Page 261 and 262: shows high similiarity between the
Page 263 and 264: supply requires prediction of the s
Page 265 and 266: have been shown to readily and rapi
Page 267 and 268: Using the diel feeding chronologies
Page 269 and 270: to 70 m, potential effects from dis
Page 271 and 272: REFERENCES Addy, J. M., D. Levell,
Page 273 and 274: Hill, B. J. 1976. Natural food, for
Page 275: Tyler, A. V, 1973. Caloric values o
Page 279: CLARIFICATION All references to "se
Page 282 and 283: 4.0 DISCUSSION ....................
Page 284 and 285: Figure 3.2-2 Cruise 83-3 larval red
Page 287 and 288: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was ori
Page 289 and 290: ABSTRACT The goal of this study was
Page 291 and 292: SECTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION The red ki
Page 293 and 294: 1.1 Study Objectives The goal of th
Page 295 and 296: than 50 m. The oceanography of the
Page 297 and 298: entering the fishery have declined
Page 299 and 300: females. This relationship supports
Page 301: time to temperature. Time from egg-
Page 306 and 307: BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB CRUISE 83
Page 310 and 311: BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB STATION I
Page 312 and 313: 2.1.2 Field Gear and Sampling Metho
Page 314 and 315: consisted of 24 hours on all cruise
Page 316 and 317: were recorded for subsamples of lar
Page 318 and 319: 200 individuals of the most common
Page 320 and 321: BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB STUDY ARE
Page 322 and 323: Epibenthic density and biomass data
Page 336 and 337: little vertical temperature stratif
Page 338 and 339: TABLE 3.1-1 (continued) 328
Page 340 and 341: BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB PERCENT G
Page 342 and 343: etween Unimak Island and Port Molle
Page 344 and 345: BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB SIDE-SCAN
Page 348 and 349: TABLE 3.2-1 MEAN LARVAL RED KING CR
Page 350 and 351: stations in this area where larval
Page 352 and 353:
three-day period in June showed rat
Page 354 and 355:
BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB DIEL VERT
Page 356 and 357:
TABLE 3.3-1 GEOMETRIC MEAN DENSITIE
Page 358 and 359:
during the June cruise (83-3). duri
Page 360 and 361:
TABLE 3.4-2 NUMBER OF POST LARVAL R
Page 362 and 363:
TABLE 3.4-3 NUMBER OF POST LARVAL R
Page 364 and 365:
BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB TRYNET SA
Page 366 and 367:
BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB TRYNET AN
Page 368 and 369:
BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB DISTRIBUT
Page 370 and 371:
Page 372 and 373:
NORTH ALEUTIAN BASIN RED KING CRAB
Page 374 and 375:
TABLE 3.5-3 CORRELATION MATRIX FOR
Page 376 and 377:
TABLE 3.5-5 CORRELATION MATRIX FOR
Page 378 and 379:
Page 380 and 381:
Page 382 and 383:
at one 50 m deep TB station west of
Page 384 and 385:
TABLE 3.6-2 SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL I
Page 386 and 387:
TABLE 3.7-1 SUMMARY OF TRYNET CATCH
Page 388 and 389:
Page 390 and 391:
group AB, especially the fish speci
Page 392 and 393:
BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB LARVAL DE
Page 394 and 395:
BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB LARVAL DE
Page 396 and 397:
BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB KNOWN CIR
Page 398 and 399:
Bay and west to Cape Newenham. The
Page 400 and 401:
BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB 1978, 197
Page 402 and 403:
protection against predators, as we
Page 404 and 405:
which provides for adequate food (i
Page 406 and 407:
4.5 Potential Effects of Oil and Ga
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to a great extent tidally driven, t
Page 410 and 411:
(1983b), the same volume of oil is
Page 412 and 413:
BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB SURFACE O
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Overt, rapid mortality of adult cra
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viability of the gametes is impaire
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detected by chemosensory organs. Pe
Page 420 and 421:
and Alaskan species of shrimp and c
Page 422 and 423:
interannual variability in abundanc
Page 424 and 425:
that are killed by oil north of Uni
Page 426 and 427:
Long-term, sublethal effects may al
Page 428 and 429:
Botsford, L. and D. Wickham. 1978.
Page 430 and 431:
Harris, R.P., V. Bergudugo, E.D.S.
Page 432 and 433:
Kurata, H. 1961. Studies on the lar
Page 434 and 435:
Paul, A.J., J. Paul, P. Shoemaker a
Page 436 and 437:
Takeuchi, I. 1962, trans. 1967. On
Page 439:
APPENDIX A MEAN LARVAL RED KING CRA
Page 443 and 444:
APPENDIX B TRAWL GEAR TYPES USED BY
Page 445:
APPENDIX C: TRAWL/DREDGE NOTES 435
Page 448 and 449:
APPENDIX C (continued) 438
Page 450 and 451:
Page 452 and 453:
Page 454 and 455:
Page 456 and 457:
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
Page 462 and 463:
Page 465 and 466:
APPENDIX D GUT CONTENT ANALYSIS FIE
Page 467 and 468:
APPENDIX D (continued) 457
Page 469:
APPENDIX E: MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESS
Page 472 and 473:
APPENDIX E (continued) 462
Page 474 and 475:
Page 476 and 477:
Page 478 and 479:
Page 480 and 481:
Page 483:
APPENDIX F: JUVENILE RED KING CRAB
Page 486 and 487:
APPENDIX F (continued) Figure Fl. S
Page 489:
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF DECAP
Page 492 and 493:
4.0 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF T
Page 494 and 495:
8.3 Larval Decapod Biology, Sensiti
Page 496 and 497:
Figure 3.4 Figure 3.5 Figure 3.6 Fi
Page 498 and 499:
Figure 5.8 Distribution and abundan
Page 500 and 501:
Figure 6.29 Distribution and abunda
Page 502 and 503:
Table 4.5 Table 4.6 Table 5.1 Table
Page 505 and 506:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to
Page 507 and 508:
1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 Justif
Page 509 and 510:
Larval stages are generally conside
Page 511 and 512:
extent in 1982) did we have the opp
Page 513:
The sections of this report describ
Page 516 and 517:
Table 2.1. Dates and sources of zoo
Page 518 and 519:
techniques which attempt to equally
Page 520 and 521:
verification of results or examinat
Page 522 and 523:
cation of these larvae and the vari
Page 524 and 525:
meters) was often similar (generall
Page 526 and 527:
Bongo frame, the MOCNESS frame cann
Page 528 and 529:
abundance within strata were made b
Page 530 and 531:
520
Page 532 and 533:
522
Page 534 and 535:
524
Page 536 and 537:
526
Page 538 and 539:
528
Page 540 and 541:
Figure 2.21 Locations and boundarie
Page 542 and 543:
Figure 3.1. Location of proposed le
Page 544 and 545:
characterized as part of the subarc
Page 546 and 547:
Fig. 3.4. Distribution of male red
Page 548 and 549:
Figure 3.5. Abundance estimates of
Page 550 and 551:
pheromone cues could impair males'
Page 552 and 553:
on larvae hatched elsewhere, includ
Page 554 and 555:
aggregations could influence suscep
Page 556 and 557:
Fig. 3.7a. Distribution and relativ
Page 558 and 559:
the benthic habitat associated with
Page 560 and 561:
conclusions of Slizkin (1973) who r
Page 562 and 563:
A further observation germane to th
Page 564 and 565:
Fig. 3.10. Major king crab catch ar
Page 566 and 567:
3.4 Results 3.4.1 Distribution and
Page 568 and 569:
11 and 12 (Figs. 3.11, 3.12). Too f
Page 570 and 571:
Table 3.1. Number of zooplankton sa
Page 572 and 573:
Because of the poor spatial coverag
Page 574 and 575:
made them imperfect in areas (Fig.
Page 576 and 577:
Table 3.2. A summary of larval red
Page 578 and 579:
Fig. 3.15. Distribution and relativ
Page 580 and 581:
Fig. 3.16. Interannual differences
Page 582 and 583:
[An interesting note on annual abun
Page 584 and 585:
Fig. 3.17a. Frequency of occurrence
Page 586 and 587:
The occurrence of a multi-stage lar
Page 588 and 589:
megalopae. These combinations of ye
Page 590 and 591:
to early August (Fig. 3.17b), and s
Page 592 and 593:
Fig. 3.21. Vertical distribution of
Page 594 and 595:
consequences of oil exposure scenar
Page 596 and 597:
abundance in time and space is corr
Page 598 and 599:
Female crabs were abundant in strat
Page 600 and 601:
observing that: 1) the mature femal
Page 602 and 603:
Much research on king crab biology
Page 604 and 605:
12) Determine interannual differenc
Page 606 and 607:
around the traditional king crab fi
Page 608 and 609:
Table 4.1. Historic U.S. Tanner cra
Page 610 and 611:
(NMFS) since the early 1970's. In a
Page 612 and 613:
Fig. 4.2b Centers of abundance of b
Page 614 and 615:
4.3 Reproduction and Description of
Page 616 and 617:
oth species for 80 mm specimens, bu
Page 618 and 619:
from all stations were pooled for v
Page 620 and 621:
Fig. 4.4. Timing of appearance of l
Page 622 and 623:
Table 4.3. Timing of appearance of
Page 624 and 625:
megalops larvae of both species and
Page 626 and 627:
Table 4 . 5 .Proportion of Stage II
Page 628 and 629:
Fig. 4.5. Temporal aspects of devel
Page 630 and 631:
assumes a relatively homogeneous di
Page 632 and 633:
Methods for analysis of depth distr
Page 634 and 635:
Fig. 4.7. Vertical distribution of
Page 636 and 637:
were found in the upper 40 m. Eight
Page 638 and 639:
From the diel stations, 10% or more
Page 640 and 641:
difficulties in quantitatively samp
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
The distribution patterns for C. ba
Page 646 and 647:
3. Most of the larval hatchout occu
Page 649 and 650:
5.0 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF O
Page 651 and 652:
Table 5.2. Early life history infor
Page 653 and 654:
tions are not available for them. D
Page 655 and 656:
to as wide as 250 mm wide by a maxi
Page 657 and 658:
alutaceus larvae were collected fro
Page 659 and 660:
Table 5.3. Species list of non-Chio
Page 661 and 662:
annually, which resulted in little
Page 663 and 664:
Figure 5.1 Vertical distribution of
Page 665 and 666:
examining their vertical larval dis
Page 667 and 668:
also July of 1981. Within strata, b
Page 669 and 670:
Figure 5.3 Seasonal occurrence of l
Page 671 and 672:
Figure 5.5 Mean density and one sta
Page 673 and 674:
Long-shelf density of Erimacrus lar
Page 675 and 676:
Figure 5.6 Frequency-of-occurrence
Page 677 and 678:
Page 679 and 680:
Page 681 and 682:
Figure 5.10 Distribution of mean de
Page 683 and 684:
Figure 5.12 Distribution of mean de
Page 685 and 686:
at 21% of all stations sampled and
Page 687 and 688:
Table 5.7. Frequency of occurrence
Page 690 and 691:
1980
Page 692 and 693:
2) In May and June of all years com
Page 694 and 695:
Figure 5.15 Locations and densities
Page 696 and 697:
excess of 100,000/100 m² were foun
Page 698 and 699:
Page 700 and 701:
Distribution and Abundance: Larvae
Page 702 and 703:
Table 5.10. Stratum number Frequenc
Page 704 and 705:
Figure 5.20. Mean density and one s
Page 706 and 707:
Pandalus borealis - Haynes 1979 Pan
Page 708 and 709:
Table 6.1. Comparison of life histo
Page 710 and 711:
this age are non-reproducing or ste
Page 712 and 713:
Bering Sea stocks during the early
Page 714 and 715:
in the Bering Sea but Butler (1980)
Page 716 and 717:
6.3 Hippolytidae The Hippolytidae a
Page 718 and 719:
summer food for spotted seals. Fede
Page 720 and 721:
21% of the 1976 tows (Feder 1978).
Page 722 and 723:
Figure 6.1 Frequency of occurrence
Page 724 and 725:
Page 726 and 727:
A stage frequency histogram for P.
Page 728 and 729:
Figure 6.4 Pandalus tridens stage f
Page 730 and 731:
ottom. A pandalid larval type that
Page 732 and 733:
Pandalopsis dispar was taken only o
Page 734 and 735:
Page 736 and 737:
Page 738 and 739:
Figure 6.10 P. borealis larval abun
Page 740 and 741:
outer shelf with the oceanic area b
Page 742 and 743:
Since P. tridens occurred less freq
Page 744 and 745:
Page 746 and 747:
outer shelf during those years. Sam
Page 748 and 749:
Figure 6.16 Vertical depth distribu
Page 750 and 751:
Page 752 and 753:
SI zoeae were first taken in March
Page 754 and 755:
Page 756 and 757:
Page 758 and 759:
Table 6.7. Cross-shelf comparison o
Page 760 and 761:
during PROBES 1980 and 1981 samplin
Page 762 and 763:
4) Larvae were distributed homogene
Page 764 and 765:
Figure 6.25 Crangon spp. stage freq
Page 766 and 767:
Figure 6.26 Argis spp. distribution
Page 768 and 769:
Page 770 and 771:
Page 772 and 773:
Figure 6.31 Crangon spp. larval abu
Page 774 and 775:
Page 776 and 777:
2) The intermolt period of about 2
Page 778 and 779:
Figure 6.33, these deepwater shrimp
Page 780 and 781:
Page 782 and 783:
Page 784 and 785:
3) Larvae were in the water column
Page 787 and 788:
7.0 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF H
Page 789 and 790:
Table 7.2. Reproductive data for fo
Page 791 and 792:
and 1976 (between the Pribilof Isla
Page 793 and 794:
Figure 7.1 Paguridae stage frequenc
Page 795 and 796:
Page 797 and 798:
Page 799 and 800:
Page 801 and 802:
Figure 7.6 Mean larval densities of
Page 803 and 804:
Figure 7.8 Vertical depth distribut
Page 805:
3) Larval duration in the plankton
Page 808 and 809:
and oil transport developed for the
Page 810 and 811:
Figure 8.1 Current directions and n
Page 812 and 813:
discussed by participants at the St
Page 814 and 815:
Larval Feeding: Studies with other
Page 816 and 817:
and high resultant mortality. Sonnt
Page 818 and 819:
The third reproductive effect invol
Page 820 and 821:
to and impact on, pelagic and benth
Page 822 and 823:
3. Oil was mixed to a 50-m depth in
Page 824 and 825:
synthesis as mutagenic/teratogenic
Page 826 and 827:
One or two very weak year-classes r
Page 828 and 829:
were covered by lower concentration
Page 830 and 831:
Figure 8.3 Surface oil trajectories
Page 832 and 833:
are to the west-southwest (Fig. 8.4
Page 834 and 835:
Large volumes of oil reaching shall
Page 836 and 837:
of time in the neuston layer. If th
Page 838 and 839:
in this area and so deleterious eff
Page 840 and 841:
4. Exposure of developing eggs and
Page 843 and 844:
LITERATURE CITED Adams, A. E. 1979.
Page 845 and 846:
Butler, T. H. 1971. A review of the
Page 847 and 848:
Feder, H. M. and S. C. Jewett. 1980
Page 849 and 850:
Haynes, E. B. 1980a. Larval morphol
Page 851 and 852:
Ivanov, B. G. 1964. Results in the
Page 853 and 854:
Kurata, H. 1960. Studies on the lar
Page 855 and 856:
Douglas Wolfe, ed. Fate and Effects
Page 857 and 858:
Motoh, H. 1976. The larval stages o
Page 859 and 860:
king crab Paralithodes camtschatica
Page 861 and 862:
Roncholt, L. L. 1963. Distribution
Page 863 and 864:
Somerton, D. A. and R. A. Macintosh
Page 865 and 866:
Wencker, D. L., L. S. Incze, and D.
Page 867:
APPENDICES: A: S.E. Bering Sea Shri
Page 871 and 872:
APPENDIX B. References used for ide
Page 873:
APPENDIX C. Paguridae and Lithodida
Page 877:
TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .......
Page 880 and 881:
zoeae of these two species from the
Page 882 and 883:
the curved lateral processes reach
Page 884 and 885:
Additional Morphological Features U
Page 886 and 887:
APPLICATION OF FINDINGS TO FIELD ST
Page 888:
Kurata, H. 1963. Larvae of Decapoda
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