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3. Oil was mixed to a 50-m depth in previous models (Sonntag et al. 1980) which is quite feasible but not necessary to affect crustacean larvae. Curl and Manen (1982) also discussed mixture of oil to depths of 60 m by storms as a mechanism for transport to the benthos. In the biological sections of this report (3.0-7.0) larvae of various decapod groups are shown to be distributed in the upper 60 m of water and often are most abundant in the upper 40-20 m (e.g., Tanner crab larvae). Later zoeal stages are capable of strong swimming bursts exceeding a centimeter per second. Over several days, larvae can easily move tens of meters vertically and in so doing approach or reach the surface. Megalopae of Chionoecetes spp., for example, were frequently caught after dark in neuston nets sampling the upper 20 cm, indicating that much of the population spends considerable time at the surface (Armstrong and Incze, unpublished data from 1981 PROBES cruise, Leg 4). Larvae of several other decapod groups studied for this report are situated high in the water column and apparently undergo diel vertical migrations (see Sections 6.0, 7.0). Thus, if spilled oil is initially mixed only to 20 m but is spread over a greater area it will still likely stress most decapod larvae of the water column as they invariably move near the surface during 10-14 days of oil residence time, but in this case the spatial effect is much greater and the population more severely impacted. To reiterate, it may not be necessary that oil is mixed much below the surface to contaminate and stress crab and shrimp larvae. Megalopae might routinely visit the surface where highest concentrations of oil would usually be found. Models should consider scenarios that spread a given volume 812
of oil rapidly over the surface (Leendertse and Liu 1981) and only to a depth of 20 m to derive area affected. 4. The model of Sonntag et al. (1980) did not consider any direct toxic effects of oil to benthic crab and shrimp but only indirect effects through losses of food. Curl and Manen (1982) discuss the possibility of some adult mortality in heavily impacted areas, but neither model considers toxicity of oil-contaminated sediments to developing eggs and embryos of benthic crustaceans. Armstrong et al. (1983) reviewed literature on oil impact and recovery of marine benthic communities and highlighted evidence of great perturbations to crustacean populations exposed to oil spills (Le Moal and Quillien-Monot 1981; Krebs and Burns 1978). Maurin (1981) reported that a year following the AMOCO CADIZ spill there were reduced crab catches, implying mortality of benthic stages, and fewer ovigerous female lobster suggesting effects on reproduction. We could find no literature reporting systematic studies of oil toxicity to early developmental stages of crustacean eggs, yet if hydrocarbons pass egg membranes and are sequestered in the lipid-rich yolk then the risk to rapidly cleaving embryos is probably high. Armstrong and Millemann (1974) found that embryos of the mussel Mytilus edulis are most sensitive to an insecticide during early cleavage stages, and they reviewed literature on protein and spindle apparatus poisons that affect both nucleic acid synthesis and normal blastomere division [it is possible that certain oil hydrocarbons act in a similar manner and Malins (1977) reviews literature on toxic derivatives of hydrocarbon metabolism that affect DNA structures and 813
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Outer Continental Shelf Environment
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OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ENVIRONMENT
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Outer Continental Shelf Environment
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures 5
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. BIOS si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Table 3.1
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SUMMARY Infaunal bivalve molluscs f
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FINAL REPORT on BAFFIN ISLAND EXPER
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they have little or no ability to m
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2. HYDROCARBON BIOACCUMULATION 2.1
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Table 2.1. Summary of oil concentra
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some of the oil during the period b
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Figure 2.3. Variation of aromatic h
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Figure 2.5. Mya truncata-GC 2 profi
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Figure 2.7. Aromatic profiles from
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Figure 2.9. Mya truncata aromatic p
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Figure 2.11. Mya truncata-GC 2 prof
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Figure 2.13. Concentrations of oil
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Figure 2.15. Mya truncata-Bay 11 (a
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Figure 2.17. Variation of aromatic
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Figure 2.19. Serripes groenlandicus
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Figure 2.23. Aromatic hydrocarbon p
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Figure 2.30. Astarte aromatic profi
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Figure 2.34. Aromatic hydrocarbon G
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Astarte, Bay 9, 1-day post-spill, 7
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increase in water-borne oil concent
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decision based on GC 2 . Oil levels
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profiles of tissue extracts of the
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A similar differential behavior of
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Table 3.1. Dates of collection and
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Fixed specimens from the 1981 colle
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Table 3.4. Summary of histopatholog
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Table 3.6. Summary of histopatholog
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Figure 3.1. Granulocytoma in testis
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Figure 3.5. Excessively vacuolated
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4. BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF OIL The o
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Table 4.1. Carbohydrates and lipids
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Table 4.2. Concentrations of petrol
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Table 4.4. Mean concentrations of f
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In clams collected immediately befo
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Table 4.7. A summary of associated
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parameters measured. Clams from the
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alone was more gradual and reached
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interfered with feeding, gonadal de
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Brown, R.S., C.W. Brown, and S.B. S
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Malins, D.C. 1982. Alterations in t
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APPENDIX I: PANH COMPOUNDS IN OIL 1
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SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT **
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT **
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT
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FILE NUMBER 12421
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XX SPECTRUM DISPLAV/EDIT **
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAVY/EDIT **
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APPENDIX III: ASTARTE BOREALIS: BAY
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Page 142 and 143:
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT**
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT **X
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APPENDIX V: SERRIPES GROENLANDICUS:
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Page 162 and 163:
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FEEDING ECOLOGY OF JUVENILE KING AN
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DIETARY COMPOSITION ...............
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Figure 13a. Loss of precipitin reac
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Table 10. Dietary composition of ju
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ABSTRACT To determine the food requ
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FEEDING ECOLOGY OF JUVENILE KING AN
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Figure 1.--Station locations during
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Figure 3. Station locations during
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efore freezing. From large catches
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percentage of the maximum stomach v
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The amount evacuated is given by th
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examined entered the dry weight ana
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Battelle's Pacific Northwest Divisi
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tows and trawling as techniques for
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Stomach fullness plotted against ti
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Figure 4. Decay curve for the clear
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life of the compartment. Similarly,
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Figure 6. Exponential decay curve f
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Figure 8. Exponential decay curve f
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A comparison of the equations in Ta
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hard parts with the palps and then
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Figure 10. Standardized dry weight
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Table 5. Diel feeding chronology fr
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These results are comparable to tho
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Figure 12. The frequency of newly d
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Table 7. Continued
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Table 9. Dietary composition (% fre
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Table 11. Dietary composition of ju
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Table 12. Dietary composition (% fr
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Table 14. Soft tissue to hard tissu
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Table 16. Dietary composition (% of
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polychaetes in both June and August
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Table 18. Continued 221
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and, therefore, had a caloric value
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Table 21. Caloric intake from vario
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Table 27. Results of visual examina
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They were then fed thawed juvenile
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eing tested rather than to cross re
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against its respective antigen and
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Table 29. Results of visual examina
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DISCUSSION IMMUNOASSAY The immunolo
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juvenile king crabs may depend on c
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Table 32. Comparison of August diet
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stomach contents but soft-bodied po
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The assumption that, at least for t
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shows high similiarity between the
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supply requires prediction of the s
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have been shown to readily and rapi
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Using the diel feeding chronologies
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to 70 m, potential effects from dis
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REFERENCES Addy, J. M., D. Levell,
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Hill, B. J. 1976. Natural food, for
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Tyler, A. V, 1973. Caloric values o
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CLARIFICATION All references to "se
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4.0 DISCUSSION ....................
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Figure 3.2-2 Cruise 83-3 larval red
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was ori
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ABSTRACT The goal of this study was
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SECTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION The red ki
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1.1 Study Objectives The goal of th
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than 50 m. The oceanography of the
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entering the fishery have declined
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females. This relationship supports
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time to temperature. Time from egg-
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Juvenile crab in 2+ to 3+ age class
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB CRUISE 83
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB STATION I
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2.1.2 Field Gear and Sampling Metho
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consisted of 24 hours on all cruise
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were recorded for subsamples of lar
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200 individuals of the most common
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB STUDY ARE
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Epibenthic density and biomass data
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little vertical temperature stratif
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TABLE 3.1-1 (continued) 328
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB PERCENT G
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etween Unimak Island and Port Molle
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB SIDE-SCAN
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TABLE 3.2-1 MEAN LARVAL RED KING CR
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stations in this area where larval
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three-day period in June showed rat
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB DIEL VERT
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TABLE 3.3-1 GEOMETRIC MEAN DENSITIE
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during the June cruise (83-3). duri
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TABLE 3.4-2 NUMBER OF POST LARVAL R
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TABLE 3.4-3 NUMBER OF POST LARVAL R
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB TRYNET SA
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB TRYNET AN
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB DISTRIBUT
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NORTH ALEUTIAN BASIN RED KING CRAB
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TABLE 3.5-3 CORRELATION MATRIX FOR
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TABLE 3.5-5 CORRELATION MATRIX FOR
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at one 50 m deep TB station west of
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TABLE 3.6-2 SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL I
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TABLE 3.7-1 SUMMARY OF TRYNET CATCH
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group AB, especially the fish speci
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB LARVAL DE
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB LARVAL DE
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB KNOWN CIR
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Bay and west to Cape Newenham. The
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB 1978, 197
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protection against predators, as we
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which provides for adequate food (i
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4.5 Potential Effects of Oil and Ga
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to a great extent tidally driven, t
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(1983b), the same volume of oil is
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB SURFACE O
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Overt, rapid mortality of adult cra
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viability of the gametes is impaire
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detected by chemosensory organs. Pe
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and Alaskan species of shrimp and c
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interannual variability in abundanc
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that are killed by oil north of Uni
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Long-term, sublethal effects may al
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Botsford, L. and D. Wickham. 1978.
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Harris, R.P., V. Bergudugo, E.D.S.
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Kurata, H. 1961. Studies on the lar
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Paul, A.J., J. Paul, P. Shoemaker a
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Takeuchi, I. 1962, trans. 1967. On
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APPENDIX A MEAN LARVAL RED KING CRA
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APPENDIX B TRAWL GEAR TYPES USED BY
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APPENDIX C: TRAWL/DREDGE NOTES 435
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APPENDIX C (continued) 438
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Page 452 and 453:
Page 454 and 455:
Page 456 and 457:
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
Page 462 and 463:
Page 465 and 466:
APPENDIX D GUT CONTENT ANALYSIS FIE
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APPENDIX D (continued) 457
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APPENDIX E: MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESS
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APPENDIX E (continued) 462
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Page 476 and 477:
Page 478 and 479:
Page 480 and 481:
Page 483:
APPENDIX F: JUVENILE RED KING CRAB
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APPENDIX F (continued) Figure Fl. S
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DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF DECAP
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4.0 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF T
Page 494 and 495:
8.3 Larval Decapod Biology, Sensiti
Page 496 and 497:
Figure 3.4 Figure 3.5 Figure 3.6 Fi
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Figure 5.8 Distribution and abundan
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Figure 6.29 Distribution and abunda
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Table 4.5 Table 4.6 Table 5.1 Table
Page 505 and 506:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to
Page 507 and 508:
1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 Justif
Page 509 and 510:
Larval stages are generally conside
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extent in 1982) did we have the opp
Page 513:
The sections of this report describ
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Table 2.1. Dates and sources of zoo
Page 518 and 519:
techniques which attempt to equally
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verification of results or examinat
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cation of these larvae and the vari
Page 524 and 525:
meters) was often similar (generall
Page 526 and 527:
Bongo frame, the MOCNESS frame cann
Page 528 and 529:
abundance within strata were made b
Page 530 and 531:
520
Page 532 and 533:
522
Page 534 and 535:
524
Page 536 and 537:
526
Page 538 and 539:
528
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Figure 2.21 Locations and boundarie
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Figure 3.1. Location of proposed le
Page 544 and 545:
characterized as part of the subarc
Page 546 and 547:
Fig. 3.4. Distribution of male red
Page 548 and 549:
Figure 3.5. Abundance estimates of
Page 550 and 551:
pheromone cues could impair males'
Page 552 and 553:
on larvae hatched elsewhere, includ
Page 554 and 555:
aggregations could influence suscep
Page 556 and 557:
Fig. 3.7a. Distribution and relativ
Page 558 and 559:
the benthic habitat associated with
Page 560 and 561:
conclusions of Slizkin (1973) who r
Page 562 and 563:
A further observation germane to th
Page 564 and 565:
Fig. 3.10. Major king crab catch ar
Page 566 and 567:
3.4 Results 3.4.1 Distribution and
Page 568 and 569:
11 and 12 (Figs. 3.11, 3.12). Too f
Page 570 and 571:
Table 3.1. Number of zooplankton sa
Page 572 and 573:
Because of the poor spatial coverag
Page 574 and 575:
made them imperfect in areas (Fig.
Page 576 and 577:
Table 3.2. A summary of larval red
Page 578 and 579:
Fig. 3.15. Distribution and relativ
Page 580 and 581:
Fig. 3.16. Interannual differences
Page 582 and 583:
[An interesting note on annual abun
Page 584 and 585:
Fig. 3.17a. Frequency of occurrence
Page 586 and 587:
The occurrence of a multi-stage lar
Page 588 and 589:
megalopae. These combinations of ye
Page 590 and 591:
to early August (Fig. 3.17b), and s
Page 592 and 593:
Fig. 3.21. Vertical distribution of
Page 594 and 595:
consequences of oil exposure scenar
Page 596 and 597:
abundance in time and space is corr
Page 598 and 599:
Female crabs were abundant in strat
Page 600 and 601:
observing that: 1) the mature femal
Page 602 and 603:
Much research on king crab biology
Page 604 and 605:
12) Determine interannual differenc
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around the traditional king crab fi
Page 608 and 609:
Table 4.1. Historic U.S. Tanner cra
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(NMFS) since the early 1970's. In a
Page 612 and 613:
Fig. 4.2b Centers of abundance of b
Page 614 and 615:
4.3 Reproduction and Description of
Page 616 and 617:
oth species for 80 mm specimens, bu
Page 618 and 619:
from all stations were pooled for v
Page 620 and 621:
Fig. 4.4. Timing of appearance of l
Page 622 and 623:
Table 4.3. Timing of appearance of
Page 624 and 625:
megalops larvae of both species and
Page 626 and 627:
Table 4 . 5 .Proportion of Stage II
Page 628 and 629:
Fig. 4.5. Temporal aspects of devel
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assumes a relatively homogeneous di
Page 632 and 633:
Methods for analysis of depth distr
Page 634 and 635:
Fig. 4.7. Vertical distribution of
Page 636 and 637:
were found in the upper 40 m. Eight
Page 638 and 639:
From the diel stations, 10% or more
Page 640 and 641:
difficulties in quantitatively samp
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
The distribution patterns for C. ba
Page 646 and 647:
3. Most of the larval hatchout occu
Page 649 and 650:
5.0 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF O
Page 651 and 652:
Table 5.2. Early life history infor
Page 653 and 654:
tions are not available for them. D
Page 655 and 656:
to as wide as 250 mm wide by a maxi
Page 657 and 658:
alutaceus larvae were collected fro
Page 659 and 660:
Table 5.3. Species list of non-Chio
Page 661 and 662:
annually, which resulted in little
Page 663 and 664:
Figure 5.1 Vertical distribution of
Page 665 and 666:
examining their vertical larval dis
Page 667 and 668:
also July of 1981. Within strata, b
Page 669 and 670:
Figure 5.3 Seasonal occurrence of l
Page 671 and 672:
Figure 5.5 Mean density and one sta
Page 673 and 674:
Long-shelf density of Erimacrus lar
Page 675 and 676:
Figure 5.6 Frequency-of-occurrence
Page 677 and 678:
Page 679 and 680:
Page 681 and 682:
Figure 5.10 Distribution of mean de
Page 683 and 684:
Figure 5.12 Distribution of mean de
Page 685 and 686:
at 21% of all stations sampled and
Page 687 and 688:
Table 5.7. Frequency of occurrence
Page 690 and 691:
1980
Page 692 and 693:
2) In May and June of all years com
Page 694 and 695:
Figure 5.15 Locations and densities
Page 696 and 697:
excess of 100,000/100 m² were foun
Page 698 and 699:
Page 700 and 701:
Distribution and Abundance: Larvae
Page 702 and 703:
Table 5.10. Stratum number Frequenc
Page 704 and 705:
Figure 5.20. Mean density and one s
Page 706 and 707:
Pandalus borealis - Haynes 1979 Pan
Page 708 and 709:
Table 6.1. Comparison of life histo
Page 710 and 711:
this age are non-reproducing or ste
Page 712 and 713:
Bering Sea stocks during the early
Page 714 and 715:
in the Bering Sea but Butler (1980)
Page 716 and 717:
6.3 Hippolytidae The Hippolytidae a
Page 718 and 719:
summer food for spotted seals. Fede
Page 720 and 721:
21% of the 1976 tows (Feder 1978).
Page 722 and 723:
Figure 6.1 Frequency of occurrence
Page 724 and 725:
Page 726 and 727:
A stage frequency histogram for P.
Page 728 and 729:
Figure 6.4 Pandalus tridens stage f
Page 730 and 731:
ottom. A pandalid larval type that
Page 732 and 733:
Pandalopsis dispar was taken only o
Page 734 and 735:
Page 736 and 737:
Page 738 and 739:
Figure 6.10 P. borealis larval abun
Page 740 and 741:
outer shelf with the oceanic area b
Page 742 and 743:
Since P. tridens occurred less freq
Page 744 and 745:
Page 746 and 747:
outer shelf during those years. Sam
Page 748 and 749:
Figure 6.16 Vertical depth distribu
Page 750 and 751:
Page 752 and 753:
SI zoeae were first taken in March
Page 754 and 755:
Page 756 and 757:
Page 758 and 759:
Table 6.7. Cross-shelf comparison o
Page 760 and 761:
during PROBES 1980 and 1981 samplin
Page 762 and 763:
4) Larvae were distributed homogene
Page 764 and 765:
Figure 6.25 Crangon spp. stage freq
Page 766 and 767:
Figure 6.26 Argis spp. distribution
Page 768 and 769:
Page 770 and 771:
Page 772 and 773: Figure 6.31 Crangon spp. larval abu
Page 774 and 775: Table 6.8. Cross-shelf comparison o
Page 776 and 777: 2) The intermolt period of about 2
Page 778 and 779: Figure 6.33, these deepwater shrimp
Page 780 and 781: Figure 6.35 Distribution and abunda
Page 784 and 785: 3) Larvae were in the water column
Page 787 and 788: 7.0 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF H
Page 789 and 790: Table 7.2. Reproductive data for fo
Page 791 and 792: and 1976 (between the Pribilof Isla
Page 793 and 794: Figure 7.1 Paguridae stage frequenc
Page 795 and 796: Figure 7.2 Distribution and abundan
Page 797 and 798: Figure 7.4 Distribution and abundan
Page 801 and 802: Figure 7.6 Mean larval densities of
Page 803 and 804: Figure 7.8 Vertical depth distribut
Page 805: 3) Larval duration in the plankton
Page 808 and 809: and oil transport developed for the
Page 810 and 811: Figure 8.1 Current directions and n
Page 812 and 813: discussed by participants at the St
Page 814 and 815: Larval Feeding: Studies with other
Page 816 and 817: and high resultant mortality. Sonnt
Page 818 and 819: The third reproductive effect invol
Page 820 and 821: to and impact on, pelagic and benth
Page 824 and 825: synthesis as mutagenic/teratogenic
Page 826 and 827: One or two very weak year-classes r
Page 828 and 829: were covered by lower concentration
Page 830 and 831: Figure 8.3 Surface oil trajectories
Page 832 and 833: are to the west-southwest (Fig. 8.4
Page 834 and 835: Large volumes of oil reaching shall
Page 836 and 837: of time in the neuston layer. If th
Page 838 and 839: in this area and so deleterious eff
Page 840 and 841: 4. Exposure of developing eggs and
Page 843 and 844: LITERATURE CITED Adams, A. E. 1979.
Page 845 and 846: Butler, T. H. 1971. A review of the
Page 847 and 848: Feder, H. M. and S. C. Jewett. 1980
Page 849 and 850: Haynes, E. B. 1980a. Larval morphol
Page 851 and 852: Ivanov, B. G. 1964. Results in the
Page 853 and 854: Kurata, H. 1960. Studies on the lar
Page 855 and 856: Douglas Wolfe, ed. Fate and Effects
Page 857 and 858: Motoh, H. 1976. The larval stages o
Page 859 and 860: king crab Paralithodes camtschatica
Page 861 and 862: Roncholt, L. L. 1963. Distribution
Page 863 and 864: Somerton, D. A. and R. A. Macintosh
Page 865 and 866: Wencker, D. L., L. S. Incze, and D.
Page 867: APPENDICES: A: S.E. Bering Sea Shri
Page 871 and 872: APPENDIX B. References used for ide
Page 873:
APPENDIX C. Paguridae and Lithodida
Page 877:
TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .......
Page 880 and 881:
zoeae of these two species from the
Page 882 and 883:
the curved lateral processes reach
Page 884 and 885:
Additional Morphological Features U
Page 886 and 887:
APPLICATION OF FINDINGS TO FIELD ST
Page 888:
Kurata, H. 1963. Larvae of Decapoda
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