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esults of many research projects have been summarized in workshops sponsored by OCSEAP at which oil impact scenarios were considered and the vulnerability of species gauged. Crab biology was reviewed for the St. George Basin by Curl and Manen (1982), and for the North Aleutian Shelf (NAS) by Armstrong, et al. (1983a). A notable example of research initiated to better understand the life history and general biology of a species is that recently and presently focused on red king crab along the NAS and throughout Bristol Bay. Despite extensive literature on the species (e.g., Armstrong, et al. 1983b; Reeves and Marasco 1980) much is unknown regarding early life history in the SEBS. Armstrong (1983) listed research needs that included studies of temporal and spatial larval population dynamics, the relationship of larval hatch and transport to female stocks, and location of megalopae at metamorphosis and substrate types on which survival of O+ to 1+ juveniles is greatest. Armstrong et al. (1983b) advanced hypotheses on hatching success and larval survival and metamorphosis that stated: 1) much of the female population of the SEBS may be superfluous to year class success because it occurred over the central shelf where either larval and/or 0+ juvenile survival is very low; 2) the nearshore area of the NAS is critical for larval growth and survival; 3) larvae can be transported great, but variable, distances during pelagic growth; 4) survival of young benthic instars is probably very dependent on settlement onto protective "refuge" substrates; and 5) that such substrates (shell, cobble, invertebrate aggregates) are patchy along the nearshore NAS. Based on recent work by Armstrong, et al. (1981a, 1983b) and research priorities identified at the 1982 North Aleutian Shelf synthesis meeting (Armstrong, et al. 1983a), the program discussed in this report was initiated by OCSEAP in 1983 to provide specific information on early life-history of red king crab in Bristol Bay. 282
1.1 Study Objectives The goal of the present study is to provide sufficient information on larval and juvenile red king crab distributions and associated environmental variables to reasonably describe the potential effects of oil and gas development on the crab population and its fishery. Specific objectives of the program are to: 1) collect and measure larval red king crabs, identify them to growth stage and assess their apparent spatial distributions in Bristol Bay; 2) determine the spatial distribution and changes in individual size of juvenile red king crabs (
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Outer Continental Shelf Environment
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OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ENVIRONMENT
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Outer Continental Shelf Environment
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures 5
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. BIOS si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Table 3.1
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SUMMARY Infaunal bivalve molluscs f
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FINAL REPORT on BAFFIN ISLAND EXPER
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they have little or no ability to m
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2. HYDROCARBON BIOACCUMULATION 2.1
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Table 2.1. Summary of oil concentra
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some of the oil during the period b
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Figure 2.3. Variation of aromatic h
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Figure 2.5. Mya truncata-GC 2 profi
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Figure 2.7. Aromatic profiles from
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Figure 2.9. Mya truncata aromatic p
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Figure 2.11. Mya truncata-GC 2 prof
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Figure 2.13. Concentrations of oil
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Figure 2.15. Mya truncata-Bay 11 (a
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Figure 2.17. Variation of aromatic
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Figure 2.19. Serripes groenlandicus
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Figure 2.23. Aromatic hydrocarbon p
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Figure 2.30. Astarte aromatic profi
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Figure 2.34. Aromatic hydrocarbon G
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Astarte, Bay 9, 1-day post-spill, 7
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increase in water-borne oil concent
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decision based on GC 2 . Oil levels
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profiles of tissue extracts of the
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A similar differential behavior of
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Table 3.1. Dates of collection and
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Fixed specimens from the 1981 colle
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Table 3.4. Summary of histopatholog
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Table 3.6. Summary of histopatholog
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Figure 3.1. Granulocytoma in testis
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Figure 3.5. Excessively vacuolated
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4. BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF OIL The o
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Table 4.1. Carbohydrates and lipids
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Table 4.2. Concentrations of petrol
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Table 4.4. Mean concentrations of f
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In clams collected immediately befo
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Table 4.7. A summary of associated
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parameters measured. Clams from the
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alone was more gradual and reached
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interfered with feeding, gonadal de
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Brown, R.S., C.W. Brown, and S.B. S
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Malins, D.C. 1982. Alterations in t
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APPENDIX I: PANH COMPOUNDS IN OIL 1
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SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT **
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT **
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT
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FILE NUMBER 12421
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XX SPECTRUM DISPLAV/EDIT **
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAVY/EDIT **
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APPENDIX III: ASTARTE BOREALIS: BAY
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT**
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT **X
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APPENDIX V: SERRIPES GROENLANDICUS:
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FEEDING ECOLOGY OF JUVENILE KING AN
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DIETARY COMPOSITION ...............
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Figure 13a. Loss of precipitin reac
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Table 10. Dietary composition of ju
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ABSTRACT To determine the food requ
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FEEDING ECOLOGY OF JUVENILE KING AN
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Figure 1.--Station locations during
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Figure 3. Station locations during
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efore freezing. From large catches
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percentage of the maximum stomach v
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The amount evacuated is given by th
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examined entered the dry weight ana
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Battelle's Pacific Northwest Divisi
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tows and trawling as techniques for
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Stomach fullness plotted against ti
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Figure 4. Decay curve for the clear
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life of the compartment. Similarly,
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Figure 6. Exponential decay curve f
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Figure 8. Exponential decay curve f
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A comparison of the equations in Ta
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hard parts with the palps and then
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Figure 10. Standardized dry weight
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Table 5. Diel feeding chronology fr
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These results are comparable to tho
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Figure 12. The frequency of newly d
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Table 7. Continued
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Table 9. Dietary composition (% fre
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Table 11. Dietary composition of ju
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Table 12. Dietary composition (% fr
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Table 14. Soft tissue to hard tissu
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Table 16. Dietary composition (% of
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polychaetes in both June and August
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Table 18. Continued 221
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and, therefore, had a caloric value
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Table 21. Caloric intake from vario
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Page 241 and 242: Table 27. Results of visual examina
Page 243 and 244: They were then fed thawed juvenile
Page 245 and 246: eing tested rather than to cross re
Page 247 and 248: against its respective antigen and
Page 249 and 250: Table 29. Results of visual examina
Page 251 and 252: DISCUSSION IMMUNOASSAY The immunolo
Page 253 and 254: juvenile king crabs may depend on c
Page 255 and 256: Table 32. Comparison of August diet
Page 257 and 258: stomach contents but soft-bodied po
Page 259 and 260: The assumption that, at least for t
Page 261 and 262: shows high similiarity between the
Page 263 and 264: supply requires prediction of the s
Page 265 and 266: have been shown to readily and rapi
Page 267 and 268: Using the diel feeding chronologies
Page 269 and 270: to 70 m, potential effects from dis
Page 271 and 272: REFERENCES Addy, J. M., D. Levell,
Page 273 and 274: Hill, B. J. 1976. Natural food, for
Page 275: Tyler, A. V, 1973. Caloric values o
Page 279: CLARIFICATION All references to "se
Page 282 and 283: 4.0 DISCUSSION ....................
Page 284 and 285: Figure 3.2-2 Cruise 83-3 larval red
Page 287 and 288: ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was ori
Page 289 and 290: ABSTRACT The goal of this study was
Page 291: SECTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION The red ki
Page 295 and 296: than 50 m. The oceanography of the
Page 297 and 298: entering the fishery have declined
Page 299 and 300: females. This relationship supports
Page 301 and 302: time to temperature. Time from egg-
Page 303: Juvenile crab in 2+ to 3+ age class
Page 306 and 307: BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB CRUISE 83
Page 310 and 311: BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB STATION I
Page 312 and 313: 2.1.2 Field Gear and Sampling Metho
Page 314 and 315: consisted of 24 hours on all cruise
Page 316 and 317: were recorded for subsamples of lar
Page 318 and 319: 200 individuals of the most common
Page 320 and 321: BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB STUDY ARE
Page 322 and 323: Epibenthic density and biomass data
Page 336 and 337: little vertical temperature stratif
Page 338 and 339: TABLE 3.1-1 (continued) 328
Page 340 and 341: BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB PERCENT G
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etween Unimak Island and Port Molle
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB SIDE-SCAN
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB CRUISE 83
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TABLE 3.2-1 MEAN LARVAL RED KING CR
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stations in this area where larval
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three-day period in June showed rat
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB DIEL VERT
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TABLE 3.3-1 GEOMETRIC MEAN DENSITIE
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during the June cruise (83-3). duri
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TABLE 3.4-2 NUMBER OF POST LARVAL R
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TABLE 3.4-3 NUMBER OF POST LARVAL R
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB TRYNET SA
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB TRYNET AN
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB DISTRIBUT
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Page 372 and 373:
NORTH ALEUTIAN BASIN RED KING CRAB
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TABLE 3.5-3 CORRELATION MATRIX FOR
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TABLE 3.5-5 CORRELATION MATRIX FOR
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at one 50 m deep TB station west of
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TABLE 3.6-2 SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL I
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TABLE 3.7-1 SUMMARY OF TRYNET CATCH
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group AB, especially the fish speci
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB LARVAL DE
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB LARVAL DE
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB KNOWN CIR
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Bay and west to Cape Newenham. The
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB 1978, 197
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protection against predators, as we
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which provides for adequate food (i
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4.5 Potential Effects of Oil and Ga
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to a great extent tidally driven, t
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(1983b), the same volume of oil is
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB SURFACE O
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Overt, rapid mortality of adult cra
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viability of the gametes is impaire
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detected by chemosensory organs. Pe
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and Alaskan species of shrimp and c
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interannual variability in abundanc
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that are killed by oil north of Uni
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Long-term, sublethal effects may al
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Botsford, L. and D. Wickham. 1978.
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Harris, R.P., V. Bergudugo, E.D.S.
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Kurata, H. 1961. Studies on the lar
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Paul, A.J., J. Paul, P. Shoemaker a
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Takeuchi, I. 1962, trans. 1967. On
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APPENDIX A MEAN LARVAL RED KING CRA
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APPENDIX B TRAWL GEAR TYPES USED BY
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APPENDIX C: TRAWL/DREDGE NOTES 435
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APPENDIX C (continued) 438
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Page 462 and 463:
Page 465 and 466:
APPENDIX D GUT CONTENT ANALYSIS FIE
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APPENDIX D (continued) 457
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APPENDIX E: MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESS
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APPENDIX E (continued) 462
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APPENDIX F: JUVENILE RED KING CRAB
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APPENDIX F (continued) Figure Fl. S
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DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF DECAP
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4.0 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF T
Page 494 and 495:
8.3 Larval Decapod Biology, Sensiti
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Figure 3.4 Figure 3.5 Figure 3.6 Fi
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Figure 5.8 Distribution and abundan
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Figure 6.29 Distribution and abunda
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Table 4.5 Table 4.6 Table 5.1 Table
Page 505 and 506:
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to
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1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 Justif
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Larval stages are generally conside
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extent in 1982) did we have the opp
Page 513:
The sections of this report describ
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Table 2.1. Dates and sources of zoo
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techniques which attempt to equally
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verification of results or examinat
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cation of these larvae and the vari
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meters) was often similar (generall
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Bongo frame, the MOCNESS frame cann
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abundance within strata were made b
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520
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522
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524
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526
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528
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Figure 2.21 Locations and boundarie
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Figure 3.1. Location of proposed le
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characterized as part of the subarc
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Fig. 3.4. Distribution of male red
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Figure 3.5. Abundance estimates of
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pheromone cues could impair males'
Page 552 and 553:
on larvae hatched elsewhere, includ
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aggregations could influence suscep
Page 556 and 557:
Fig. 3.7a. Distribution and relativ
Page 558 and 559:
the benthic habitat associated with
Page 560 and 561:
conclusions of Slizkin (1973) who r
Page 562 and 563:
A further observation germane to th
Page 564 and 565:
Fig. 3.10. Major king crab catch ar
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3.4 Results 3.4.1 Distribution and
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11 and 12 (Figs. 3.11, 3.12). Too f
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Table 3.1. Number of zooplankton sa
Page 572 and 573:
Because of the poor spatial coverag
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made them imperfect in areas (Fig.
Page 576 and 577:
Table 3.2. A summary of larval red
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Fig. 3.15. Distribution and relativ
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Fig. 3.16. Interannual differences
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[An interesting note on annual abun
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Fig. 3.17a. Frequency of occurrence
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The occurrence of a multi-stage lar
Page 588 and 589:
megalopae. These combinations of ye
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to early August (Fig. 3.17b), and s
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Fig. 3.21. Vertical distribution of
Page 594 and 595:
consequences of oil exposure scenar
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abundance in time and space is corr
Page 598 and 599:
Female crabs were abundant in strat
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observing that: 1) the mature femal
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Much research on king crab biology
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12) Determine interannual differenc
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around the traditional king crab fi
Page 608 and 609:
Table 4.1. Historic U.S. Tanner cra
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(NMFS) since the early 1970's. In a
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Fig. 4.2b Centers of abundance of b
Page 614 and 615:
4.3 Reproduction and Description of
Page 616 and 617:
oth species for 80 mm specimens, bu
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from all stations were pooled for v
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Fig. 4.4. Timing of appearance of l
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Table 4.3. Timing of appearance of
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megalops larvae of both species and
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Table 4 . 5 .Proportion of Stage II
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Fig. 4.5. Temporal aspects of devel
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assumes a relatively homogeneous di
Page 632 and 633:
Methods for analysis of depth distr
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Fig. 4.7. Vertical distribution of
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were found in the upper 40 m. Eight
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From the diel stations, 10% or more
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difficulties in quantitatively samp
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
The distribution patterns for C. ba
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3. Most of the larval hatchout occu
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5.0 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF O
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Table 5.2. Early life history infor
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tions are not available for them. D
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to as wide as 250 mm wide by a maxi
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alutaceus larvae were collected fro
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Table 5.3. Species list of non-Chio
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annually, which resulted in little
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Figure 5.1 Vertical distribution of
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examining their vertical larval dis
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also July of 1981. Within strata, b
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Figure 5.3 Seasonal occurrence of l
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Figure 5.5 Mean density and one sta
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Long-shelf density of Erimacrus lar
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Figure 5.6 Frequency-of-occurrence
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Page 679 and 680:
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Figure 5.10 Distribution of mean de
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Figure 5.12 Distribution of mean de
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at 21% of all stations sampled and
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Table 5.7. Frequency of occurrence
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1980
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2) In May and June of all years com
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Figure 5.15 Locations and densities
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excess of 100,000/100 m² were foun
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Distribution and Abundance: Larvae
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Table 5.10. Stratum number Frequenc
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Figure 5.20. Mean density and one s
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Pandalus borealis - Haynes 1979 Pan
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Table 6.1. Comparison of life histo
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this age are non-reproducing or ste
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Bering Sea stocks during the early
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in the Bering Sea but Butler (1980)
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6.3 Hippolytidae The Hippolytidae a
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summer food for spotted seals. Fede
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21% of the 1976 tows (Feder 1978).
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Figure 6.1 Frequency of occurrence
Page 724 and 725:
Page 726 and 727:
A stage frequency histogram for P.
Page 728 and 729:
Figure 6.4 Pandalus tridens stage f
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ottom. A pandalid larval type that
Page 732 and 733:
Pandalopsis dispar was taken only o
Page 734 and 735:
Page 736 and 737:
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Figure 6.10 P. borealis larval abun
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outer shelf with the oceanic area b
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Since P. tridens occurred less freq
Page 744 and 745:
Page 746 and 747:
outer shelf during those years. Sam
Page 748 and 749:
Figure 6.16 Vertical depth distribu
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SI zoeae were first taken in March
Page 754 and 755:
Page 756 and 757:
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Table 6.7. Cross-shelf comparison o
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during PROBES 1980 and 1981 samplin
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4) Larvae were distributed homogene
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Figure 6.25 Crangon spp. stage freq
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Figure 6.26 Argis spp. distribution
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Page 770 and 771:
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Figure 6.31 Crangon spp. larval abu
Page 774 and 775:
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2) The intermolt period of about 2
Page 778 and 779:
Figure 6.33, these deepwater shrimp
Page 780 and 781:
Page 782 and 783:
Page 784 and 785:
3) Larvae were in the water column
Page 787 and 788:
7.0 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF H
Page 789 and 790:
Table 7.2. Reproductive data for fo
Page 791 and 792:
and 1976 (between the Pribilof Isla
Page 793 and 794:
Figure 7.1 Paguridae stage frequenc
Page 795 and 796:
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Page 799 and 800:
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Figure 7.6 Mean larval densities of
Page 803 and 804:
Figure 7.8 Vertical depth distribut
Page 805:
3) Larval duration in the plankton
Page 808 and 809:
and oil transport developed for the
Page 810 and 811:
Figure 8.1 Current directions and n
Page 812 and 813:
discussed by participants at the St
Page 814 and 815:
Larval Feeding: Studies with other
Page 816 and 817:
and high resultant mortality. Sonnt
Page 818 and 819:
The third reproductive effect invol
Page 820 and 821:
to and impact on, pelagic and benth
Page 822 and 823:
3. Oil was mixed to a 50-m depth in
Page 824 and 825:
synthesis as mutagenic/teratogenic
Page 826 and 827:
One or two very weak year-classes r
Page 828 and 829:
were covered by lower concentration
Page 830 and 831:
Figure 8.3 Surface oil trajectories
Page 832 and 833:
are to the west-southwest (Fig. 8.4
Page 834 and 835:
Large volumes of oil reaching shall
Page 836 and 837:
of time in the neuston layer. If th
Page 838 and 839:
in this area and so deleterious eff
Page 840 and 841:
4. Exposure of developing eggs and
Page 843 and 844:
LITERATURE CITED Adams, A. E. 1979.
Page 845 and 846:
Butler, T. H. 1971. A review of the
Page 847 and 848:
Feder, H. M. and S. C. Jewett. 1980
Page 849 and 850:
Haynes, E. B. 1980a. Larval morphol
Page 851 and 852:
Ivanov, B. G. 1964. Results in the
Page 853 and 854:
Kurata, H. 1960. Studies on the lar
Page 855 and 856:
Douglas Wolfe, ed. Fate and Effects
Page 857 and 858:
Motoh, H. 1976. The larval stages o
Page 859 and 860:
king crab Paralithodes camtschatica
Page 861 and 862:
Roncholt, L. L. 1963. Distribution
Page 863 and 864:
Somerton, D. A. and R. A. Macintosh
Page 865 and 866:
Wencker, D. L., L. S. Incze, and D.
Page 867:
APPENDICES: A: S.E. Bering Sea Shri
Page 871 and 872:
APPENDIX B. References used for ide
Page 873:
APPENDIX C. Paguridae and Lithodida
Page 877:
TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .......
Page 880 and 881:
zoeae of these two species from the
Page 882 and 883:
the curved lateral processes reach
Page 884 and 885:
Additional Morphological Features U
Page 886 and 887:
APPLICATION OF FINDINGS TO FIELD ST
Page 888:
Kurata, H. 1963. Larvae of Decapoda
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