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Overt, rapid mortality of adult crabs, including mature females, could be caused by exposure to rather high levels of hydrocarbons (notably the WSF) dissolved in water and via uptake into tissues and accumulation in certain organs. As a second mode of toxicity, water insoluble hydrocarbons mixed to the bottom and covering the benthos could kill crabs by actual coverage of the body and mechanical impairment of respiration and feeding. Toxic levels of WSF have not been well established for adult king crab, although it is known that adult stages are much less sensitive than are larvae and juveniles (Rice, et al. 1979; 1983; Armstrong, et al. 1983a). An approximate range of 96 hr LC 5 0 values for adult crab is 4 to 8 mg WSF 1[superscript]-1 (Rice, et al. 1979). This is a rather high water concentration and may be found only in the immediate vicinity of a spill. Models of oil transport invariably account for rapid volitalization of a large fraction of the hydrocarbons and dilution of the remaining WSF, so that resultant concentrations are less than 1.0 mg 1[superscript]-1 only a few kilometers from a point source (Armstrong, et al. 1983b; Curl and Manen 1982). Since adult crabs are epibenthic, it seems unlikely that sufficiently high levels of oil WSF would affect a large area. Given the distribution of mature females in the SEBS that exceeds an area of 50,000 km 2 , it seems unlikely that a majority of the adult populations would be significantly impacted via acute toxicity of the WSF. Mixing and vertical transport of oil to the benthos might pose an alternative route of exposure of adult females to hydrocarbons. Whether or not a significant portion of the population would be acutely stressed is, again, related to the area affected. Transport models of Sonntag, et al. (1980) and an analysis by Curl and Manen (1982) predict that 5-16 g oil m[superscript] -2 could reach the bottom. The toxicity of this to adults is difficult to gauge, but Armstrong, et al. (1983b) suggested that, over long exposures of several months, such levels would likely impact developing eggs more than adults (see Effects on Reproduction). Since most scenarios for the SEBS have dealt with small spills (e.g., 10,000 bbl spilled off the NAS covered an area of about 8 x 20 km), adult 404
populations are probably well protected from benthic pollution by virtue of the vast size of the species range. Ecological Vulnerability of Females. One proviso must be integrated into the topic of acute toxicity. The NAS lease sale area lies adjacent to the coastal domain of the Izembek Lagoon and Port Moller. Spills in this area could be driven by nearshore currents (Leendertse and Liu 1981) and transported northeast into shallow water. A very large spill (in excess of 500,000 bbl) could cover a significant portion of the coastal domain and, in this turbulent, well mixed system, reach the benthos in unknown concentrations. As shown for past years, a large fraction of the mature female population sometimes occurs nearshore and, thus, could be vulnerable to acute oil toxicity. If the event occurred prior to peak egg hatch in early May, then loss of those females and any resultant impact on the population would be exacerbated by loss of a portion of the annual reproductive effort. Redistribution of mature females around the SEBS on an annual basis would change the relative vulnerability of the population as far as exposure in shallow, nearshore water. Data presented in this report show a shift away from the coastline in 1983 compared to distributiuon in 1979/80, for example, and so the spatial vulnerability of mature females relative to nearshore spills would probably be reduced as a consequence. Effects on Reproduction. The effects of oil need not be manifested in overt mortality to impact the adults and, in turn, younger stages of the species. Sublethal toxicity might perturb the population through a combination of physiological and behavioral processes that regulate reproduction. Oil in water and/or sediments could affect reproduction in several ways: 1) Sediment and infaunal concentrations of hydrocarbons become so high that feeding of crabs is curtailed either by loss of prey (clams, polychaetes,other crustaceans)and/or anorexia. Thus, energetic requirements are not met and gamete production is reduced or inhibited. 2) Hydrocarbons are absorbed and/or ingested with food and deposited in eggs and sperm. At critically high (but as yet unknown) concentrations, 405
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Outer Continental Shelf Environment
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OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ENVIRONMENT
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Outer Continental Shelf Environment
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures 5
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. BIOS si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Table 3.1
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SUMMARY Infaunal bivalve molluscs f
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FINAL REPORT on BAFFIN ISLAND EXPER
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they have little or no ability to m
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2. HYDROCARBON BIOACCUMULATION 2.1
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Table 2.1. Summary of oil concentra
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some of the oil during the period b
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Figure 2.3. Variation of aromatic h
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Figure 2.5. Mya truncata-GC 2 profi
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Figure 2.7. Aromatic profiles from
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Figure 2.9. Mya truncata aromatic p
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Figure 2.11. Mya truncata-GC 2 prof
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Figure 2.13. Concentrations of oil
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Figure 2.15. Mya truncata-Bay 11 (a
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Figure 2.17. Variation of aromatic
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Figure 2.19. Serripes groenlandicus
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Figure 2.23. Aromatic hydrocarbon p
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Figure 2.30. Astarte aromatic profi
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Figure 2.34. Aromatic hydrocarbon G
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Astarte, Bay 9, 1-day post-spill, 7
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increase in water-borne oil concent
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decision based on GC 2 . Oil levels
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profiles of tissue extracts of the
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A similar differential behavior of
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Table 3.1. Dates of collection and
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Fixed specimens from the 1981 colle
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Table 3.4. Summary of histopatholog
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Table 3.6. Summary of histopatholog
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Figure 3.1. Granulocytoma in testis
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Figure 3.5. Excessively vacuolated
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4. BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF OIL The o
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Table 4.1. Carbohydrates and lipids
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Table 4.2. Concentrations of petrol
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Table 4.4. Mean concentrations of f
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In clams collected immediately befo
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Table 4.7. A summary of associated
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parameters measured. Clams from the
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alone was more gradual and reached
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interfered with feeding, gonadal de
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Brown, R.S., C.W. Brown, and S.B. S
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Malins, D.C. 1982. Alterations in t
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APPENDIX I: PANH COMPOUNDS IN OIL 1
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SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT **
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT **
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT
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FILE NUMBER 12421
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XX SPECTRUM DISPLAV/EDIT **
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAVY/EDIT **
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APPENDIX III: ASTARTE BOREALIS: BAY
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Page 142 and 143:
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT**
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT **X
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APPENDIX V: SERRIPES GROENLANDICUS:
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FEEDING ECOLOGY OF JUVENILE KING AN
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DIETARY COMPOSITION ...............
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Figure 13a. Loss of precipitin reac
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Table 10. Dietary composition of ju
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ABSTRACT To determine the food requ
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FEEDING ECOLOGY OF JUVENILE KING AN
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Figure 1.--Station locations during
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Figure 3. Station locations during
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efore freezing. From large catches
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percentage of the maximum stomach v
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The amount evacuated is given by th
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examined entered the dry weight ana
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Battelle's Pacific Northwest Divisi
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tows and trawling as techniques for
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Stomach fullness plotted against ti
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Figure 4. Decay curve for the clear
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life of the compartment. Similarly,
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Figure 6. Exponential decay curve f
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Figure 8. Exponential decay curve f
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A comparison of the equations in Ta
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hard parts with the palps and then
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Figure 10. Standardized dry weight
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Table 5. Diel feeding chronology fr
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These results are comparable to tho
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Figure 12. The frequency of newly d
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Table 7. Continued
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Table 9. Dietary composition (% fre
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Table 11. Dietary composition of ju
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Table 12. Dietary composition (% fr
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Table 14. Soft tissue to hard tissu
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Table 16. Dietary composition (% of
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polychaetes in both June and August
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Table 18. Continued 221
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and, therefore, had a caloric value
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Table 21. Caloric intake from vario
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Page 239 and 240:
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Table 27. Results of visual examina
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They were then fed thawed juvenile
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eing tested rather than to cross re
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against its respective antigen and
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Table 29. Results of visual examina
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DISCUSSION IMMUNOASSAY The immunolo
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juvenile king crabs may depend on c
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Table 32. Comparison of August diet
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stomach contents but soft-bodied po
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The assumption that, at least for t
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shows high similiarity between the
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supply requires prediction of the s
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have been shown to readily and rapi
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Using the diel feeding chronologies
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to 70 m, potential effects from dis
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REFERENCES Addy, J. M., D. Levell,
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Hill, B. J. 1976. Natural food, for
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Tyler, A. V, 1973. Caloric values o
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CLARIFICATION All references to "se
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4.0 DISCUSSION ....................
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Figure 3.2-2 Cruise 83-3 larval red
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was ori
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ABSTRACT The goal of this study was
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SECTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION The red ki
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1.1 Study Objectives The goal of th
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than 50 m. The oceanography of the
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entering the fishery have declined
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females. This relationship supports
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time to temperature. Time from egg-
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Juvenile crab in 2+ to 3+ age class
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB CRUISE 83
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB STATION I
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2.1.2 Field Gear and Sampling Metho
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consisted of 24 hours on all cruise
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were recorded for subsamples of lar
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200 individuals of the most common
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB STUDY ARE
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Epibenthic density and biomass data
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little vertical temperature stratif
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TABLE 3.1-1 (continued) 328
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB PERCENT G
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etween Unimak Island and Port Molle
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB SIDE-SCAN
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TABLE 3.2-1 MEAN LARVAL RED KING CR
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stations in this area where larval
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three-day period in June showed rat
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB DIEL VERT
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TABLE 3.3-1 GEOMETRIC MEAN DENSITIE
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during the June cruise (83-3). duri
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TABLE 3.4-2 NUMBER OF POST LARVAL R
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TABLE 3.4-3 NUMBER OF POST LARVAL R
Page 364 and 365: BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB TRYNET SA
Page 366 and 367: BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB TRYNET AN
Page 368 and 369: BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB DISTRIBUT
Page 372 and 373: NORTH ALEUTIAN BASIN RED KING CRAB
Page 374 and 375: TABLE 3.5-3 CORRELATION MATRIX FOR
Page 376 and 377: TABLE 3.5-5 CORRELATION MATRIX FOR
Page 382 and 383: at one 50 m deep TB station west of
Page 384 and 385: TABLE 3.6-2 SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL I
Page 386 and 387: TABLE 3.7-1 SUMMARY OF TRYNET CATCH
Page 390 and 391: group AB, especially the fish speci
Page 392 and 393: BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB LARVAL DE
Page 394 and 395: BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB LARVAL DE
Page 396 and 397: BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB KNOWN CIR
Page 398 and 399: Bay and west to Cape Newenham. The
Page 400 and 401: BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB 1978, 197
Page 402 and 403: protection against predators, as we
Page 404 and 405: which provides for adequate food (i
Page 406 and 407: 4.5 Potential Effects of Oil and Ga
Page 408 and 409: to a great extent tidally driven, t
Page 410 and 411: (1983b), the same volume of oil is
Page 412 and 413: BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB SURFACE O
Page 416 and 417: viability of the gametes is impaire
Page 418 and 419: detected by chemosensory organs. Pe
Page 420 and 421: and Alaskan species of shrimp and c
Page 422 and 423: interannual variability in abundanc
Page 424 and 425: that are killed by oil north of Uni
Page 426 and 427: Long-term, sublethal effects may al
Page 428 and 429: Botsford, L. and D. Wickham. 1978.
Page 430 and 431: Harris, R.P., V. Bergudugo, E.D.S.
Page 432 and 433: Kurata, H. 1961. Studies on the lar
Page 434 and 435: Paul, A.J., J. Paul, P. Shoemaker a
Page 436 and 437: Takeuchi, I. 1962, trans. 1967. On
Page 439: APPENDIX A MEAN LARVAL RED KING CRA
Page 443 and 444: APPENDIX B TRAWL GEAR TYPES USED BY
Page 445: APPENDIX C: TRAWL/DREDGE NOTES 435
Page 448 and 449: APPENDIX C (continued) 438
Page 465 and 466:
APPENDIX D GUT CONTENT ANALYSIS FIE
Page 467 and 468:
APPENDIX D (continued) 457
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APPENDIX E: MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESS
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APPENDIX E (continued) 462
Page 474 and 475:
Page 476 and 477:
Page 478 and 479:
Page 480 and 481:
Page 483:
APPENDIX F: JUVENILE RED KING CRAB
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APPENDIX F (continued) Figure Fl. S
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DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF DECAP
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4.0 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF T
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8.3 Larval Decapod Biology, Sensiti
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Figure 3.4 Figure 3.5 Figure 3.6 Fi
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Figure 5.8 Distribution and abundan
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Figure 6.29 Distribution and abunda
Page 502 and 503:
Table 4.5 Table 4.6 Table 5.1 Table
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to
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1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 Justif
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Larval stages are generally conside
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extent in 1982) did we have the opp
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The sections of this report describ
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Table 2.1. Dates and sources of zoo
Page 518 and 519:
techniques which attempt to equally
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verification of results or examinat
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cation of these larvae and the vari
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meters) was often similar (generall
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Bongo frame, the MOCNESS frame cann
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abundance within strata were made b
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520
Page 532 and 533:
522
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524
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526
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528
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Figure 2.21 Locations and boundarie
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Figure 3.1. Location of proposed le
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characterized as part of the subarc
Page 546 and 547:
Fig. 3.4. Distribution of male red
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Figure 3.5. Abundance estimates of
Page 550 and 551:
pheromone cues could impair males'
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on larvae hatched elsewhere, includ
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aggregations could influence suscep
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Fig. 3.7a. Distribution and relativ
Page 558 and 559:
the benthic habitat associated with
Page 560 and 561:
conclusions of Slizkin (1973) who r
Page 562 and 563:
A further observation germane to th
Page 564 and 565:
Fig. 3.10. Major king crab catch ar
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3.4 Results 3.4.1 Distribution and
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11 and 12 (Figs. 3.11, 3.12). Too f
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Table 3.1. Number of zooplankton sa
Page 572 and 573:
Because of the poor spatial coverag
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made them imperfect in areas (Fig.
Page 576 and 577:
Table 3.2. A summary of larval red
Page 578 and 579:
Fig. 3.15. Distribution and relativ
Page 580 and 581:
Fig. 3.16. Interannual differences
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[An interesting note on annual abun
Page 584 and 585:
Fig. 3.17a. Frequency of occurrence
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The occurrence of a multi-stage lar
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megalopae. These combinations of ye
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to early August (Fig. 3.17b), and s
Page 592 and 593:
Fig. 3.21. Vertical distribution of
Page 594 and 595:
consequences of oil exposure scenar
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abundance in time and space is corr
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Female crabs were abundant in strat
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observing that: 1) the mature femal
Page 602 and 603:
Much research on king crab biology
Page 604 and 605:
12) Determine interannual differenc
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around the traditional king crab fi
Page 608 and 609:
Table 4.1. Historic U.S. Tanner cra
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(NMFS) since the early 1970's. In a
Page 612 and 613:
Fig. 4.2b Centers of abundance of b
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4.3 Reproduction and Description of
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oth species for 80 mm specimens, bu
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from all stations were pooled for v
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Fig. 4.4. Timing of appearance of l
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Table 4.3. Timing of appearance of
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megalops larvae of both species and
Page 626 and 627:
Table 4 . 5 .Proportion of Stage II
Page 628 and 629:
Fig. 4.5. Temporal aspects of devel
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assumes a relatively homogeneous di
Page 632 and 633:
Methods for analysis of depth distr
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Fig. 4.7. Vertical distribution of
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were found in the upper 40 m. Eight
Page 638 and 639:
From the diel stations, 10% or more
Page 640 and 641:
difficulties in quantitatively samp
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
The distribution patterns for C. ba
Page 646 and 647:
3. Most of the larval hatchout occu
Page 649 and 650:
5.0 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF O
Page 651 and 652:
Table 5.2. Early life history infor
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tions are not available for them. D
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to as wide as 250 mm wide by a maxi
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alutaceus larvae were collected fro
Page 659 and 660:
Table 5.3. Species list of non-Chio
Page 661 and 662:
annually, which resulted in little
Page 663 and 664:
Figure 5.1 Vertical distribution of
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examining their vertical larval dis
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also July of 1981. Within strata, b
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Figure 5.3 Seasonal occurrence of l
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Figure 5.5 Mean density and one sta
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Long-shelf density of Erimacrus lar
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Figure 5.6 Frequency-of-occurrence
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Figure 5.10 Distribution of mean de
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Figure 5.12 Distribution of mean de
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at 21% of all stations sampled and
Page 687 and 688:
Table 5.7. Frequency of occurrence
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1980
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2) In May and June of all years com
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Figure 5.15 Locations and densities
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excess of 100,000/100 m² were foun
Page 698 and 699:
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Distribution and Abundance: Larvae
Page 702 and 703:
Table 5.10. Stratum number Frequenc
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Figure 5.20. Mean density and one s
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Pandalus borealis - Haynes 1979 Pan
Page 708 and 709:
Table 6.1. Comparison of life histo
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this age are non-reproducing or ste
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Bering Sea stocks during the early
Page 714 and 715:
in the Bering Sea but Butler (1980)
Page 716 and 717:
6.3 Hippolytidae The Hippolytidae a
Page 718 and 719:
summer food for spotted seals. Fede
Page 720 and 721:
21% of the 1976 tows (Feder 1978).
Page 722 and 723:
Figure 6.1 Frequency of occurrence
Page 724 and 725:
Page 726 and 727:
A stage frequency histogram for P.
Page 728 and 729:
Figure 6.4 Pandalus tridens stage f
Page 730 and 731:
ottom. A pandalid larval type that
Page 732 and 733:
Pandalopsis dispar was taken only o
Page 734 and 735:
Page 736 and 737:
Page 738 and 739:
Figure 6.10 P. borealis larval abun
Page 740 and 741:
outer shelf with the oceanic area b
Page 742 and 743:
Since P. tridens occurred less freq
Page 744 and 745:
Page 746 and 747:
outer shelf during those years. Sam
Page 748 and 749:
Figure 6.16 Vertical depth distribu
Page 750 and 751:
Page 752 and 753:
SI zoeae were first taken in March
Page 754 and 755:
Page 756 and 757:
Page 758 and 759:
Table 6.7. Cross-shelf comparison o
Page 760 and 761:
during PROBES 1980 and 1981 samplin
Page 762 and 763:
4) Larvae were distributed homogene
Page 764 and 765:
Figure 6.25 Crangon spp. stage freq
Page 766 and 767:
Figure 6.26 Argis spp. distribution
Page 768 and 769:
Page 770 and 771:
Page 772 and 773:
Figure 6.31 Crangon spp. larval abu
Page 774 and 775:
Page 776 and 777:
2) The intermolt period of about 2
Page 778 and 779:
Figure 6.33, these deepwater shrimp
Page 780 and 781:
Page 782 and 783:
Page 784 and 785:
3) Larvae were in the water column
Page 787 and 788:
7.0 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF H
Page 789 and 790:
Table 7.2. Reproductive data for fo
Page 791 and 792:
and 1976 (between the Pribilof Isla
Page 793 and 794:
Figure 7.1 Paguridae stage frequenc
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Page 799 and 800:
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Figure 7.6 Mean larval densities of
Page 803 and 804:
Figure 7.8 Vertical depth distribut
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3) Larval duration in the plankton
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and oil transport developed for the
Page 810 and 811:
Figure 8.1 Current directions and n
Page 812 and 813:
discussed by participants at the St
Page 814 and 815:
Larval Feeding: Studies with other
Page 816 and 817:
and high resultant mortality. Sonnt
Page 818 and 819:
The third reproductive effect invol
Page 820 and 821:
to and impact on, pelagic and benth
Page 822 and 823:
3. Oil was mixed to a 50-m depth in
Page 824 and 825:
synthesis as mutagenic/teratogenic
Page 826 and 827:
One or two very weak year-classes r
Page 828 and 829:
were covered by lower concentration
Page 830 and 831:
Figure 8.3 Surface oil trajectories
Page 832 and 833:
are to the west-southwest (Fig. 8.4
Page 834 and 835:
Large volumes of oil reaching shall
Page 836 and 837:
of time in the neuston layer. If th
Page 838 and 839:
in this area and so deleterious eff
Page 840 and 841:
4. Exposure of developing eggs and
Page 843 and 844:
LITERATURE CITED Adams, A. E. 1979.
Page 845 and 846:
Butler, T. H. 1971. A review of the
Page 847 and 848:
Feder, H. M. and S. C. Jewett. 1980
Page 849 and 850:
Haynes, E. B. 1980a. Larval morphol
Page 851 and 852:
Ivanov, B. G. 1964. Results in the
Page 853 and 854:
Kurata, H. 1960. Studies on the lar
Page 855 and 856:
Douglas Wolfe, ed. Fate and Effects
Page 857 and 858:
Motoh, H. 1976. The larval stages o
Page 859 and 860:
king crab Paralithodes camtschatica
Page 861 and 862:
Roncholt, L. L. 1963. Distribution
Page 863 and 864:
Somerton, D. A. and R. A. Macintosh
Page 865 and 866:
Wencker, D. L., L. S. Incze, and D.
Page 867:
APPENDICES: A: S.E. Bering Sea Shri
Page 871 and 872:
APPENDIX B. References used for ide
Page 873:
APPENDIX C. Paguridae and Lithodida
Page 877:
TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .......
Page 880 and 881:
zoeae of these two species from the
Page 882 and 883:
the curved lateral processes reach
Page 884 and 885:
Additional Morphological Features U
Page 886 and 887:
APPLICATION OF FINDINGS TO FIELD ST
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Kurata, H. 1963. Larvae of Decapoda
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Vol. 53 - Alaska Resources Library and Information Services

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