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Pandalus borealis - Haynes 1979 Pandalus goniurus - Haynes 1978a Pandalus montagui tridens - Haynes 1980 Pandalus stenolepis - Needler 1938 Pandalopsis dispar - Berkeley 1930 6.2 Pandalidae 6.2.1 Pandalus borealis: Life History and General Biology Distribution: P. borealis, an amphiboreal species, ranges from Point Barrow, Chukchi Sea southwest through the Okhotsk Sea to the Sea of Japan and Korea, and southeast throughout the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska to the mouth of the Columbia River. In addition it is found in the Barents Sea, the North Sea, and from the Gulf of Maine to western Greenland in 16-1380 m depths (Butler 1980). P. borealis is thought to be the bridge species between the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean pandalid groups (Rasmussen 1967). Fishable populations occur between 54-400 m depths (Ronholt 1963), but the species is often dominant between 70-150 m at the outer edge of the continental shelf where bottom temperatures range between 1.8°-3.8°C (Ivanov 1969). Post-larval stages can tolerate a wide temperature range from -1.68° to 11.13°C (Allen 1959) while larvae can survive an upper limit of 14°C (Poulsen 1946 in Butler 1971). Haynes and Wigley (1969) describe P. borealis preference for soft mud, sand and silty substrates with relatively high organic content (0.5-1.5% organic carbon) in the Gulf of Maine. Survival is optimal at salinities from 25.9 to 35.7‰ (Allen 1959; Butler 1964). Reproduction: Like all Alaskan pandalid shrimp, P. borealis are protandric hemaphrodites (Berkeley 1930). Animals first achieve sexual 696
maturity as males at age 3.5 years in the Bering Sea and remain breeding males for two seasons. After a transitional period they subsequently develop female characteristics by 5.5 years (Ivanov 1969; Butler 1971). Females can mature early and circumvent the male phase entirely in populations found in southern parts of the range (Allen 1959; Butler 1964), but this event has not been recorded in the Bering Sea (Ivanov 1969). Rasmussen (1967) gives comparative reproductive data for Norwegian populations and Haynes and Wigley (1969) summarize this information, adding data on ovigery for Maine shrimp. Sexual development is hormonally controlled and has been studied by Carlisle (1959). Table 6.1 compares life history data of P. borealis and other pandalid species. Colder water temperatures of the Bering Sea slow growth and development, extend the ovigerous period, and greatly determine the seasons of spawning and hatching (Butler 1971). The normal life span for P. borealis in the S.E. Bering Sea can be up to 6 1/2 years (Ivanov 1969) compared to 3 1/2-4 years for populations in the warmer water (North Sea, Allen 1959; British Columbia, Butler 1964). Ovarian development occurs in mature females (age 5 years) in the summer, followed by spawning from August to mid-September in the southeastern Bering Sea. Eggs are extruded, fertilized and carried on the pleopods through the winter and hatch from April through mid-May (NPFMC 1978). The average ovigerous period lasts from 7.5 to 9.5 months. Females from Kachemak Bay, Alaska carry approximately 914 eggs per clutch (Haynes and Wigley 1969), but a range of 300-3400 eggs, has been noted for different P. borealis populations world-wide (Allen 1959; Haynes and 697
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Outer Continental Shelf Environment
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OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF ENVIRONMENT
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Outer Continental Shelf Environment
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TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures 5
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LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2.1. BIOS si
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LIST OF TABLES Table 2.1. Table 3.1
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SUMMARY Infaunal bivalve molluscs f
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FINAL REPORT on BAFFIN ISLAND EXPER
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they have little or no ability to m
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2. HYDROCARBON BIOACCUMULATION 2.1
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Table 2.1. Summary of oil concentra
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some of the oil during the period b
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Figure 2.3. Variation of aromatic h
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Figure 2.5. Mya truncata-GC 2 profi
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Figure 2.7. Aromatic profiles from
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Figure 2.9. Mya truncata aromatic p
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Figure 2.11. Mya truncata-GC 2 prof
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Figure 2.13. Concentrations of oil
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Figure 2.15. Mya truncata-Bay 11 (a
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Figure 2.17. Variation of aromatic
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Figure 2.19. Serripes groenlandicus
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Figure 2.23. Aromatic hydrocarbon p
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Figure 2.30. Astarte aromatic profi
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Figure 2.34. Aromatic hydrocarbon G
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Astarte, Bay 9, 1-day post-spill, 7
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increase in water-borne oil concent
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decision based on GC 2 . Oil levels
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profiles of tissue extracts of the
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A similar differential behavior of
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Table 3.1. Dates of collection and
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Fixed specimens from the 1981 colle
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Table 3.4. Summary of histopatholog
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Table 3.6. Summary of histopatholog
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Figure 3.1. Granulocytoma in testis
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Figure 3.5. Excessively vacuolated
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4. BIOCHEMICAL EFFECTS OF OIL The o
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Table 4.1. Carbohydrates and lipids
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Table 4.2. Concentrations of petrol
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Table 4.4. Mean concentrations of f
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In clams collected immediately befo
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Table 4.7. A summary of associated
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parameters measured. Clams from the
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alone was more gradual and reached
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interfered with feeding, gonadal de
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Brown, R.S., C.W. Brown, and S.B. S
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Malins, D.C. 1982. Alterations in t
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APPENDIX I: PANH COMPOUNDS IN OIL 1
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SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT **
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT **
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT
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FILE NUMBER 12421
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XX SPECTRUM DISPLAV/EDIT **
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAVY/EDIT **
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APPENDIX III: ASTARTE BOREALIS: BAY
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT**
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** SPECTRUM DISPLAY/EDIT **X
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APPENDIX V: SERRIPES GROENLANDICUS:
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FEEDING ECOLOGY OF JUVENILE KING AN
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DIETARY COMPOSITION ...............
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Figure 13a. Loss of precipitin reac
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Table 10. Dietary composition of ju
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ABSTRACT To determine the food requ
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FEEDING ECOLOGY OF JUVENILE KING AN
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Figure 1.--Station locations during
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Figure 3. Station locations during
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efore freezing. From large catches
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percentage of the maximum stomach v
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The amount evacuated is given by th
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examined entered the dry weight ana
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Battelle's Pacific Northwest Divisi
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tows and trawling as techniques for
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Stomach fullness plotted against ti
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Figure 4. Decay curve for the clear
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life of the compartment. Similarly,
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Figure 6. Exponential decay curve f
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Figure 8. Exponential decay curve f
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A comparison of the equations in Ta
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hard parts with the palps and then
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Figure 10. Standardized dry weight
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Table 5. Diel feeding chronology fr
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These results are comparable to tho
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Figure 12. The frequency of newly d
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Table 7. Continued
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Table 9. Dietary composition (% fre
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Table 11. Dietary composition of ju
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Table 12. Dietary composition (% fr
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Table 14. Soft tissue to hard tissu
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Table 16. Dietary composition (% of
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polychaetes in both June and August
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Table 18. Continued 221
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and, therefore, had a caloric value
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Table 21. Caloric intake from vario
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Table 27. Results of visual examina
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They were then fed thawed juvenile
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eing tested rather than to cross re
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against its respective antigen and
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Table 29. Results of visual examina
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DISCUSSION IMMUNOASSAY The immunolo
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juvenile king crabs may depend on c
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Table 32. Comparison of August diet
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stomach contents but soft-bodied po
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The assumption that, at least for t
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shows high similiarity between the
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supply requires prediction of the s
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have been shown to readily and rapi
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Using the diel feeding chronologies
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to 70 m, potential effects from dis
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REFERENCES Addy, J. M., D. Levell,
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Hill, B. J. 1976. Natural food, for
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Tyler, A. V, 1973. Caloric values o
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CLARIFICATION All references to "se
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4.0 DISCUSSION ....................
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Figure 3.2-2 Cruise 83-3 larval red
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study was ori
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ABSTRACT The goal of this study was
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SECTION 1.0 INTRODUCTION The red ki
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1.1 Study Objectives The goal of th
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than 50 m. The oceanography of the
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entering the fishery have declined
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females. This relationship supports
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time to temperature. Time from egg-
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Juvenile crab in 2+ to 3+ age class
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB CRUISE 83
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB STATION I
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2.1.2 Field Gear and Sampling Metho
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consisted of 24 hours on all cruise
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were recorded for subsamples of lar
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200 individuals of the most common
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB STUDY ARE
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Epibenthic density and biomass data
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little vertical temperature stratif
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TABLE 3.1-1 (continued) 328
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB PERCENT G
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etween Unimak Island and Port Molle
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB SIDE-SCAN
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TABLE 3.2-1 MEAN LARVAL RED KING CR
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stations in this area where larval
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three-day period in June showed rat
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB DIEL VERT
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TABLE 3.3-1 GEOMETRIC MEAN DENSITIE
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during the June cruise (83-3). duri
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TABLE 3.4-2 NUMBER OF POST LARVAL R
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TABLE 3.4-3 NUMBER OF POST LARVAL R
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB TRYNET SA
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB TRYNET AN
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB DISTRIBUT
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NORTH ALEUTIAN BASIN RED KING CRAB
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TABLE 3.5-3 CORRELATION MATRIX FOR
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TABLE 3.5-5 CORRELATION MATRIX FOR
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at one 50 m deep TB station west of
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TABLE 3.6-2 SUMMARY OF BIOLOGICAL I
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TABLE 3.7-1 SUMMARY OF TRYNET CATCH
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group AB, especially the fish speci
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB LARVAL DE
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB LARVAL DE
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB KNOWN CIR
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Bay and west to Cape Newenham. The
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB 1978, 197
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protection against predators, as we
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which provides for adequate food (i
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4.5 Potential Effects of Oil and Ga
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to a great extent tidally driven, t
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(1983b), the same volume of oil is
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BRISTOL BAY RED KING CRAB SURFACE O
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Overt, rapid mortality of adult cra
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viability of the gametes is impaire
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detected by chemosensory organs. Pe
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and Alaskan species of shrimp and c
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interannual variability in abundanc
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that are killed by oil north of Uni
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Long-term, sublethal effects may al
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Botsford, L. and D. Wickham. 1978.
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Harris, R.P., V. Bergudugo, E.D.S.
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Kurata, H. 1961. Studies on the lar
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Paul, A.J., J. Paul, P. Shoemaker a
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Takeuchi, I. 1962, trans. 1967. On
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APPENDIX A MEAN LARVAL RED KING CRA
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APPENDIX B TRAWL GEAR TYPES USED BY
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APPENDIX C: TRAWL/DREDGE NOTES 435
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APPENDIX C (continued) 438
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Page 456 and 457:
Page 458 and 459:
Page 460 and 461:
Page 462 and 463:
Page 465 and 466:
APPENDIX D GUT CONTENT ANALYSIS FIE
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APPENDIX D (continued) 457
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APPENDIX E: MULTIPLE LINEAR REGRESS
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APPENDIX E (continued) 462
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Page 476 and 477:
Page 478 and 479:
Page 480 and 481:
Page 483:
APPENDIX F: JUVENILE RED KING CRAB
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APPENDIX F (continued) Figure Fl. S
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DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF DECAP
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4.0 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF T
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8.3 Larval Decapod Biology, Sensiti
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Figure 3.4 Figure 3.5 Figure 3.6 Fi
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Figure 5.8 Distribution and abundan
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Figure 6.29 Distribution and abunda
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Table 4.5 Table 4.6 Table 5.1 Table
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to
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1.0 GENERAL INTRODUCTION 1.1 Justif
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Larval stages are generally conside
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extent in 1982) did we have the opp
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The sections of this report describ
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Table 2.1. Dates and sources of zoo
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techniques which attempt to equally
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verification of results or examinat
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cation of these larvae and the vari
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meters) was often similar (generall
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Bongo frame, the MOCNESS frame cann
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abundance within strata were made b
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520
Page 532 and 533:
522
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524
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526
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528
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Figure 2.21 Locations and boundarie
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Figure 3.1. Location of proposed le
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characterized as part of the subarc
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Fig. 3.4. Distribution of male red
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Figure 3.5. Abundance estimates of
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pheromone cues could impair males'
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on larvae hatched elsewhere, includ
Page 554 and 555:
aggregations could influence suscep
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Fig. 3.7a. Distribution and relativ
Page 558 and 559:
the benthic habitat associated with
Page 560 and 561:
conclusions of Slizkin (1973) who r
Page 562 and 563:
A further observation germane to th
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Fig. 3.10. Major king crab catch ar
Page 566 and 567:
3.4 Results 3.4.1 Distribution and
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11 and 12 (Figs. 3.11, 3.12). Too f
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Table 3.1. Number of zooplankton sa
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Because of the poor spatial coverag
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made them imperfect in areas (Fig.
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Table 3.2. A summary of larval red
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Fig. 3.15. Distribution and relativ
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Fig. 3.16. Interannual differences
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[An interesting note on annual abun
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Fig. 3.17a. Frequency of occurrence
Page 586 and 587:
The occurrence of a multi-stage lar
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megalopae. These combinations of ye
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to early August (Fig. 3.17b), and s
Page 592 and 593:
Fig. 3.21. Vertical distribution of
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consequences of oil exposure scenar
Page 596 and 597:
abundance in time and space is corr
Page 598 and 599:
Female crabs were abundant in strat
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observing that: 1) the mature femal
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Much research on king crab biology
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12) Determine interannual differenc
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around the traditional king crab fi
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Table 4.1. Historic U.S. Tanner cra
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(NMFS) since the early 1970's. In a
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Fig. 4.2b Centers of abundance of b
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4.3 Reproduction and Description of
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oth species for 80 mm specimens, bu
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from all stations were pooled for v
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Fig. 4.4. Timing of appearance of l
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Table 4.3. Timing of appearance of
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megalops larvae of both species and
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Table 4 . 5 .Proportion of Stage II
Page 628 and 629:
Fig. 4.5. Temporal aspects of devel
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assumes a relatively homogeneous di
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Methods for analysis of depth distr
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Fig. 4.7. Vertical distribution of
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were found in the upper 40 m. Eight
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From the diel stations, 10% or more
Page 640 and 641:
difficulties in quantitatively samp
Page 642 and 643:
Page 644 and 645:
The distribution patterns for C. ba
Page 646 and 647:
3. Most of the larval hatchout occu
Page 649 and 650:
5.0 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF O
Page 651 and 652:
Table 5.2. Early life history infor
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tions are not available for them. D
Page 655 and 656: to as wide as 250 mm wide by a maxi
Page 657 and 658: alutaceus larvae were collected fro
Page 659 and 660: Table 5.3. Species list of non-Chio
Page 661 and 662: annually, which resulted in little
Page 663 and 664: Figure 5.1 Vertical distribution of
Page 665 and 666: examining their vertical larval dis
Page 667 and 668: also July of 1981. Within strata, b
Page 669 and 670: Figure 5.3 Seasonal occurrence of l
Page 671 and 672: Figure 5.5 Mean density and one sta
Page 673 and 674: Long-shelf density of Erimacrus lar
Page 675 and 676: Figure 5.6 Frequency-of-occurrence
Page 677 and 678: Figure 5.7 Distribution and abundan
Page 681 and 682: Figure 5.10 Distribution of mean de
Page 683 and 684: Figure 5.12 Distribution of mean de
Page 685 and 686: at 21% of all stations sampled and
Page 687 and 688: Table 5.7. Frequency of occurrence
Page 690 and 691: 1980
Page 692 and 693: 2) In May and June of all years com
Page 694 and 695: Figure 5.15 Locations and densities
Page 696 and 697: excess of 100,000/100 m² were foun
Page 700 and 701: Distribution and Abundance: Larvae
Page 702 and 703: Table 5.10. Stratum number Frequenc
Page 704 and 705: Figure 5.20. Mean density and one s
Page 708 and 709: Table 6.1. Comparison of life histo
Page 710 and 711: this age are non-reproducing or ste
Page 712 and 713: Bering Sea stocks during the early
Page 714 and 715: in the Bering Sea but Butler (1980)
Page 716 and 717: 6.3 Hippolytidae The Hippolytidae a
Page 718 and 719: summer food for spotted seals. Fede
Page 720 and 721: 21% of the 1976 tows (Feder 1978).
Page 722 and 723: Figure 6.1 Frequency of occurrence
Page 726 and 727: A stage frequency histogram for P.
Page 728 and 729: Figure 6.4 Pandalus tridens stage f
Page 730 and 731: ottom. A pandalid larval type that
Page 732 and 733: Pandalopsis dispar was taken only o
Page 738 and 739: Figure 6.10 P. borealis larval abun
Page 740 and 741: outer shelf with the oceanic area b
Page 742 and 743: Since P. tridens occurred less freq
Page 744 and 745: Figure 6.13 Distribution and abunda
Page 746 and 747: outer shelf during those years. Sam
Page 748 and 749: Figure 6.16 Vertical depth distribu
Page 752 and 753: SI zoeae were first taken in March
Page 756 and 757:
Page 758 and 759:
Table 6.7. Cross-shelf comparison o
Page 760 and 761:
during PROBES 1980 and 1981 samplin
Page 762 and 763:
4) Larvae were distributed homogene
Page 764 and 765:
Figure 6.25 Crangon spp. stage freq
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Figure 6.26 Argis spp. distribution
Page 768 and 769:
Page 770 and 771:
Page 772 and 773:
Figure 6.31 Crangon spp. larval abu
Page 774 and 775:
Page 776 and 777:
2) The intermolt period of about 2
Page 778 and 779:
Figure 6.33, these deepwater shrimp
Page 780 and 781:
Page 782 and 783:
Page 784 and 785:
3) Larvae were in the water column
Page 787 and 788:
7.0 DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF H
Page 789 and 790:
Table 7.2. Reproductive data for fo
Page 791 and 792:
and 1976 (between the Pribilof Isla
Page 793 and 794:
Figure 7.1 Paguridae stage frequenc
Page 795 and 796:
Page 797 and 798:
Page 799 and 800:
Page 801 and 802:
Figure 7.6 Mean larval densities of
Page 803 and 804:
Figure 7.8 Vertical depth distribut
Page 805:
3) Larval duration in the plankton
Page 808 and 809:
and oil transport developed for the
Page 810 and 811:
Figure 8.1 Current directions and n
Page 812 and 813:
discussed by participants at the St
Page 814 and 815:
Larval Feeding: Studies with other
Page 816 and 817:
and high resultant mortality. Sonnt
Page 818 and 819:
The third reproductive effect invol
Page 820 and 821:
to and impact on, pelagic and benth
Page 822 and 823:
3. Oil was mixed to a 50-m depth in
Page 824 and 825:
synthesis as mutagenic/teratogenic
Page 826 and 827:
One or two very weak year-classes r
Page 828 and 829:
were covered by lower concentration
Page 830 and 831:
Figure 8.3 Surface oil trajectories
Page 832 and 833:
are to the west-southwest (Fig. 8.4
Page 834 and 835:
Large volumes of oil reaching shall
Page 836 and 837:
of time in the neuston layer. If th
Page 838 and 839:
in this area and so deleterious eff
Page 840 and 841:
4. Exposure of developing eggs and
Page 843 and 844:
LITERATURE CITED Adams, A. E. 1979.
Page 845 and 846:
Butler, T. H. 1971. A review of the
Page 847 and 848:
Feder, H. M. and S. C. Jewett. 1980
Page 849 and 850:
Haynes, E. B. 1980a. Larval morphol
Page 851 and 852:
Ivanov, B. G. 1964. Results in the
Page 853 and 854:
Kurata, H. 1960. Studies on the lar
Page 855 and 856:
Douglas Wolfe, ed. Fate and Effects
Page 857 and 858:
Motoh, H. 1976. The larval stages o
Page 859 and 860:
king crab Paralithodes camtschatica
Page 861 and 862:
Roncholt, L. L. 1963. Distribution
Page 863 and 864:
Somerton, D. A. and R. A. Macintosh
Page 865 and 866:
Wencker, D. L., L. S. Incze, and D.
Page 867:
APPENDICES: A: S.E. Bering Sea Shri
Page 871 and 872:
APPENDIX B. References used for ide
Page 873:
APPENDIX C. Paguridae and Lithodida
Page 877:
TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .......
Page 880 and 881:
zoeae of these two species from the
Page 882 and 883:
the curved lateral processes reach
Page 884 and 885:
Additional Morphological Features U
Page 886 and 887:
APPLICATION OF FINDINGS TO FIELD ST
Page 888:
Kurata, H. 1963. Larvae of Decapoda
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