2007 Trafficking in Persons Report - Center for Women Policy Studies

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I N T R O D U C T I O N UKRAINE/ ITALY Thirty-year-old Mara left her husband and two children in Ukraine to take a housekeeping job in Italy. Recruiters from an employment agency promised her a high salary. But once there, she was taken to a brothel where the owner said he had purchased her for several hundred dollars. He said she owed him money for the plane ticket. For nine months, Mara was controlled by this trafficker, who beat her when she Debt Bondage in Prostitution A common scenario in labor trafficking cases is for traffickers to promise people a good job, even benefits, in order to lure them to a new workplace. Then, the traffickers add arbitrary debt as a tool of coercion. A similar debt scheme is increasingly used to enslave women and girls in prostitution throughout the world. Many women trafficked into prostitution report a never-ending cycle of debt—first they are charged exorbitant fees for the cost of transportation, but daily expenses are frequently added and mount up exponentially. Many women trafficked into prostitution receive no money from pimps or brothel owners. This becomes a cycle of entrapment. In the United Kingdom, according to a leading NGO, brothel keepers and traffickers force some victims to pay debts that could range as high as 20,000-40,000 pounds ($39,000-$78,000). Commenting on patterns of abuse in prostitution of East European women in London, Detective Inspector Dick Powell from Scotland Yard told the Guardian, “Some [women] have sex with as many as 40 men a day. It’s very rare [for her] to get to keep any of the money she earns. We’ve seen places where 300 pounds ($580) a day goes to the brothel pimp or ‘madam,’ and that’s even before the woman begins to try and pay off the ‘debt bondage’ of thousands of pounds charged to bring her here.” Often, the debt can never be repaid because costs for food, rent, medicines, and condoms are added every day. l refused a client. If a man complained about her, the brothel owner increased her debt. Mara was freed only when the Italian police raided the brothel. Charged with prostitution, she was deported to Ukraine. “The girl child is often forced to play multiple roles in the conflict: She is often sex slave, mother and combatant at the same time.” — Radhika Coomaraswamy, U.N. Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflicts. 26
The Tiers TIER 1 Countries whose governments fully comply with the Trafficking Victims Protection Act’s (TVPA) minimum standards TIER 2 Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA’s minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards I N T R O D U C T I O N TIER 2 WATCH LIST Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the TVPA’s minimum standards but are making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with those standards AND: a) The absolute number of victims of severe forms of trafficking is very significant or is significantly increasing; or b) There is a failure to provide evidence of increasing efforts to combat severe forms of trafficking in persons from the previous year; or c) The determination that a country is making significant efforts to bring themselves into compliance with minimum standards was based on commitments by the country to take additional future steps over the next year. TIER 3 Countries whose governments do not fully comply with the minimum standards and are not making significant efforts to do so Child soldiers are a global phenomenon. The problem is most critical in Africa and Asia, but armed groups in the Americas and the Middle East also unlawfully use children in conflict areas. All nations must work together with international organizations and NGOs to take urgent action to disarm, demobilize, and reintegrate child soldiers. Sex Trafficking and Prostitution Sex trafficking is considered the largest specific subcategory of transnational modern-day slavery. Sex trafficking would not exist without the demand for commercial sex flourishing around the world. The U.S. Government adopted a strong position against prostitution in a December 2002 policy decision, which states that prostitution is inherently harmful and dehumanizing and fuels trafficking in persons. Prostitution and related activities—including pimping and patronizing or maintaining brothels—encourage the growth of modern-day slavery by providing a façade behind which traffickers for sexual exploitation operate. Where prostitution is tolerated, there is a greater demand for human trafficking victims and nearly always an increase in the number of women and children trafficked into commercial sex slavery. Few women seek out or choose to be in prostitution, and most are desperate to leave it. A 2003 scientific study in the Journal of Trauma Practice found that 89 percent of women in prostitution want to escape prostitution but had no other options for survival. 27
Page 1 and 2: Trafficking in Persons Report June
Page 3: Dear Reader: Two hundred years ago,
Page 6 and 7: VICTIM PROFILES The victims’ test
Page 8 and 9: I N T R O D U C T I O N “There re
Page 10 and 11: I N T R O D U C T I O N INDIA Forc
Page 12 and 13: I N T R O D U C T I O N A Western m
Page 14 and 15: I N T R O D U C T I O N To compile
Page 16 and 17: I N T R O D U C T I O N KENYA/ GERM
Page 18 and 19: I N T R O D U C T I O N “Human tr
Page 20 and 21: I N T R O D U C T I O N 18 NIGERIA/
Page 22 and 23: I N T R O D U C T I O N Criminal Pu
Page 24 and 25: I N T R O D U C T I O N Confiscatio
Page 26 and 27: I N T R O D U C T I O N Kyrgyz Repu
Page 30 and 31: I N T R O D U C T I O N Children Ex
Page 32 and 33: I N T R O D U C T I O N POLICY APPR
Page 34 and 35: I N T R O D U C T I O N Products Ma
Page 36 and 37: I N T R O D U C T I O N The Plight
Page 38 and 39: GLOBAL LAW ENFORCEMENT DATA I N T R
Page 40 and 41: C O M M E N D A B L E I N I T I AT
Page 42 and 43: H E R O E S A C T I N G T O E N D M
Page 44 and 45: T I E R P L A C E M E N T S TIER PL
Page 46 and 47: C O U N T R Y M A P S CHINA MONGOLI
Page 48 and 49: C O U N T R Y M A P S MOROCCO TUNIS
Page 50 and 51: C O U N T R Y M A P S CANADA U. S.
Page 52 and 53: 50 COUNTRY NARRATIVES
Page 54 and 55: A L G E R I A 52 trafficked onward
Page 56 and 57: A R G E N T I N A Prosecution The g
Page 58 and 59: A R M E N I A 56 ARMENIA (Tier 2 Wa
Page 60 and 61: A U S T R I A seas. Australia, as c
Page 62 and 63: B A H R A I N 60 BAHRAIN (Tier 3) B
Page 64 and 65: B E L A R U S 62 no efforts to prot
Page 66 and 67: B E L I Z E / B E N I N 64 BELIZE (
Page 68 and 69: B O S N I A A N D H E R Z E G O V I
Page 70 and 71: B R A Z I L 68 remained lacking. In
Page 72 and 73: B U R K I N A F A S O 70 ing invest
Page 74 and 75: B U R U N D I 72 trials lacking tra
Page 76 and 77: C A M B O D I A success in combatin
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C A N A D A 76 CANADA (Tier 1) Cana
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C H A D 78 tion, the government als
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C H I N A 80 CHINA (Tier 2 Watch Li
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C O S TA R I C A 82 The Government
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C R O AT I A 84 and girls are traff
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C Y P R U S 86 American tourists ev
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C Z E C H R E P U B L I C 88 convic
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D E N M A R K 90 including child so
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D O M I N I C A N R E P U B L I C 9
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E C U A D O R abandonment process,
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E L S A LV A D O R to assist in inv
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E T H I O P I A 98 trafficking; how
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F I N L A N D 100 and subsequent co
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G A B O N 102 Prosecution The Gover
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G E O R G I A 104 should: increase
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G H A N A 106 in red light district
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G U AT E M A L A 108 The Government
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G U I N E A - B I S S A U 110 servi
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H O N D U R A S 112 particularly in
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H U N G A R Y 114 ficking. Sex traf
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I N D I A significant problem. Over
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I N D O N E S I A Though states hav
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I R A N medical clinic in its shelt
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I TA LY 122 Prior to passing the ne
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J A P A N 124 Prosecution The Gover
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J O R D A N 126 ing efforts in Thai
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K E N Y A 128 victims to NGOs. In 2
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K U W A I T 130 Equality and Family
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K Y R G Y Z R E P U B L I C / L A O
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L E B A N O N 134 of commercial sex
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L I B Y A 136 suspected trafficker
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L U X E M B O U R G approximately 7
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m a c e d o n i a 140 countries whe
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M A L A W I 142 20 children were se
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M A L I 144 establish a government-
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M A U R I TA N I A 146 The Governme
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M E X I C O 148 15 years’ impriso
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M O L D O V A 150 ing victims, Mexi
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M O N T E N E G R O 152 announced p
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M O Z M B I Q U E 154 result, poten
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T H E N E T H E R L A N D S Protect
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N I C A R A G U A 158 Reform Act fo
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N I G E R I A 160 ing, Niger should
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N O R W A Y 162 The D.P.R.K. regime
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P A K I S TA N 164 anti-trafficking
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P A P U A N E W G U I N E A Protect
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P H I L I P P I N E S 168 The Gover
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P O L A N D 170 referred victims to
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Q ATA R 172 the first government-fu
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R U S S I A 174 to systematically t
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S A U D I A R A B I A 176 governmen
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S E N E G A L 178 removal to countr
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S E R B I A 180 Protection The gove
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S I N G A P O R E 182 investigation
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S L O V E N I A / S O U T H A F R I
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S P A I N 186 Protection Government
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S U D A N 188 in trafficking. There
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S W E D E N 190 The Government of S
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S Y R I A 192 Protection The govern
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TA J I K I S TA N 194 of traffickin
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TA N Z A N I A The Government of Ta
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T O G O 198 has further drawn finan
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U G A N D A 200 complicit in traffi
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U K R A I N E 202 trafficking; howe
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U N I T E D K I N G D O M 204 tempo
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U Z B E K I S TA N UZBEKISTAN (Tier
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V I E T N A M job service centers a
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Z A M B I A 210 months’ to three
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Z I M B A B W E cases against traff
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A new public awareness campaign lau
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S P E C I A L C A S E S Government
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S P E C I A L C A S E S The Governm
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S P E C I A L C A S E S 220 Unlike
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S P E C I A L C A S E S country. Tu
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R E L E V A N T I N T E R N AT I O
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R E L E V A N T I N T E R N AT I O
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T R A F F I C K I N G V I C T I M S
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I n t e r n at i o n a l P e a c e
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I n t e r n at i o n a l P e a c e
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G L O S S A R Y GLOSSARY OF ACRONYM
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Hagar Foundation provides day-care
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2007 Trafficking in Persons Report - Center for Women Policy Studies

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