2007 Trafficking in Persons Report - Center for Women Policy Studies

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I N T R O D U C T I O N POLICY APPROACHES TO TRAFFICKING IN PERSONS Focusing on Forced Labor and Sex Trafficking Every year we add to our knowledge of the trafficking phenomenon. The 2007 Report sheds new light on the alarming trafficking of people for purposes of forced labor, often in their own countries. Conventional approaches to dealing with forced or bonded labor usually focus on compliance, in line with international conventions (i.e., ILO Conventions 29, 39, 105 and 182). These approaches seek to have exploitative industries comply with the law simply by releasing victims or offering financial compensation. Children in India cheaper than buffaloes: report April 3, 2007 NEW DELHI (Reuters)— Traffickers are selling children in India for amounts that are often lower than the cost of animals... Approaches to combating forced labor that rely solely on compliance with labor standards can be weak because these approaches fail to punish those responsible for trafficking. While administrative sanctions are effective for deterring some labor violations, forced labor must be punished as a crime, through vigorous prosecutions. While most countries in the world have criminalized forced labor, they do little to prosecute offenders, in part due to the lack of awareness of forced labor issues among law enforcement officials. The Department of State, as directed by Congress through the TVPA, continues to increase its attention on forced labor and bonded labor, while maintaining its campaign against sex trafficking. As with the last two Reports, this Report places several countries on Tier 3 primarily as a result of their failure to address trafficking for forced labor among foreign migrant workers. The Policy of Victim Rescue While some victims of human trafficking are able to escape from involuntary servitude, many more are not able to break free on their own. They need help. Help often comes in the form of a raid by law enforcement on the place where victims are held against their will. Victims of involuntary servitude in a labor situation are rescued, for example, through raids on sweatshops or searches of homes exploiting domestic servants. Victims of sex trafficking are rescued through raids on brothels and other places where commercial sexual exploitation occurs, such as massage parlors, Karaoke bars, and strip clubs. The U.S. Government views rescues as an integral part of the law enforcement response to trafficking in persons. Rescues identify, gain access to, and protect victims while uncovering evidence for the prosecution of traffickers and their accomplices. The Myth of Movement A person may decide to travel on his or her own accord to another location for a job, within his or her own country or abroad, and still subsequently fall victim to trafficking. Some governments and law enforcement agencies mistakenly focus on 30
West African Child TRAFFICKING VICTIMS and the Cocoa Industry Following international media reports in 2000 and 2001 of widespread child labor abuses in West African cocoa farms, which produce 70 percent of the world’s cocoa, the international human rights community investigated the problem. A 2002 joint study published by the ILO and the International Institute of Tropical Agriculture found that an estimated 284,000 children on cocoa farms in West Africa were “either involved in hazardous work, unprotected or unfree, or have been trafficked.” Most of the children were on cocoa farms in Cote d’Ivoire, the world’s largest cocoa producer. The remaining children labored on farms in Ghana, the world’s second-largest producer, and in Cameroon and Nigeria. In response to consumer pressure and calls by members of the U.S. Congress for a ban on chocolate imports linked to forced child labor, two of the cocoa industry’s largest groups—the World Cocoa Foundation and the Chocolate Manufacturers Association—forged a voluntary plan of action, the Harkin-Engel Protocol. The Protocol obliged the industry to undertake specific activities to combat labor exploitation in West Africa. The centerpiece of the agreement was the industry’s pledge to develop a system for certifying cocoa products as child-and forced-labor free by July 2005. The ILO and NGOs, such as Free the Slaves and the Child Labor Coalition, supported the Protocol and signed it as witnesses. To develop the certification system, the cocoa industry attempted to identify specific farms using child and forced labor. With an estimated two million cocoa farms in West Africa, most of them family-owned and averaging less than five acres, this task proved daunting and time intensive. In addition, a rebel uprising in 2002 in Cote d’Ivoire divided the country into a rebel-controlled North and government-led South and unleashed widespread violence, hindering access by outside researchers. In July 2005, the industry had not successfully met its obligation to develop a certification system. Industry leaders met again with Senator Harkin and Congressman Engel to set a new deadline—July 2008—for a certification system that would cover 50 percent of all cocoa farms in Cote d’Ivoire and Ghana. In 2008, the world’s attention will be on the cocoa industry, with expectations of progress. l I N T R O D U C T I O N the voluntary nature of a person’s transnational movement and fail to identify the more important element of compulsion or forced labor that can occur after someone moves for employment. Movement to the new location is incidental. The force, fraud, or coercion exercised on that person to perform or remain in service to another is the defining element of human trafficking in the modern usage. The person who is trapped in compelled service after initially migrating voluntarily or taking a job willingly is considered a trafficking victim. Neither the international definition of trafficking in persons, as defined in the UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress, and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, nor the U.S. definition of severe forms of trafficking in persons, as defined in federal law, requires the movement of a victim. Movement is not necessary, as any person who is recruited, harbored, provided, or obtained through force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjecting that person to involuntary servitude, forced labor, or commercial sex qualifies as a trafficking victim. To define trafficking in persons on the basis of movement is to create an artificial and unfounded distinction between victims who are exploited without being moved and those who are moved prior to and during their exploitation. 31
Page 1 and 2: Trafficking in Persons Report June
Page 3: Dear Reader: Two hundred years ago,
Page 6 and 7: VICTIM PROFILES The victims’ test
Page 8 and 9: I N T R O D U C T I O N “There re
Page 10 and 11: I N T R O D U C T I O N INDIA Forc
Page 12 and 13: I N T R O D U C T I O N A Western m
Page 14 and 15: I N T R O D U C T I O N To compile
Page 16 and 17: I N T R O D U C T I O N KENYA/ GERM
Page 18 and 19: I N T R O D U C T I O N “Human tr
Page 20 and 21: I N T R O D U C T I O N 18 NIGERIA/
Page 22 and 23: I N T R O D U C T I O N Criminal Pu
Page 24 and 25: I N T R O D U C T I O N Confiscatio
Page 26 and 27: I N T R O D U C T I O N Kyrgyz Repu
Page 28 and 29: I N T R O D U C T I O N UKRAINE/ IT
Page 30 and 31: I N T R O D U C T I O N Children Ex
Page 34 and 35: I N T R O D U C T I O N Products Ma
Page 36 and 37: I N T R O D U C T I O N The Plight
Page 38 and 39: GLOBAL LAW ENFORCEMENT DATA I N T R
Page 40 and 41: C O M M E N D A B L E I N I T I AT
Page 42 and 43: H E R O E S A C T I N G T O E N D M
Page 44 and 45: T I E R P L A C E M E N T S TIER PL
Page 46 and 47: C O U N T R Y M A P S CHINA MONGOLI
Page 48 and 49: C O U N T R Y M A P S MOROCCO TUNIS
Page 50 and 51: C O U N T R Y M A P S CANADA U. S.
Page 52 and 53: 50 COUNTRY NARRATIVES
Page 54 and 55: A L G E R I A 52 trafficked onward
Page 56 and 57: A R G E N T I N A Prosecution The g
Page 58 and 59: A R M E N I A 56 ARMENIA (Tier 2 Wa
Page 60 and 61: A U S T R I A seas. Australia, as c
Page 62 and 63: B A H R A I N 60 BAHRAIN (Tier 3) B
Page 64 and 65: B E L A R U S 62 no efforts to prot
Page 66 and 67: B E L I Z E / B E N I N 64 BELIZE (
Page 68 and 69: B O S N I A A N D H E R Z E G O V I
Page 70 and 71: B R A Z I L 68 remained lacking. In
Page 72 and 73: B U R K I N A F A S O 70 ing invest
Page 74 and 75: B U R U N D I 72 trials lacking tra
Page 76 and 77: C A M B O D I A success in combatin
Page 78 and 79: C A N A D A 76 CANADA (Tier 1) Cana
Page 80 and 81: C H A D 78 tion, the government als
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C H I N A 80 CHINA (Tier 2 Watch Li
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C O S TA R I C A 82 The Government
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C R O AT I A 84 and girls are traff
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C Y P R U S 86 American tourists ev
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C Z E C H R E P U B L I C 88 convic
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D E N M A R K 90 including child so
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D O M I N I C A N R E P U B L I C 9
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E C U A D O R abandonment process,
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E L S A LV A D O R to assist in inv
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E T H I O P I A 98 trafficking; how
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F I N L A N D 100 and subsequent co
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G A B O N 102 Prosecution The Gover
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G E O R G I A 104 should: increase
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G H A N A 106 in red light district
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G U AT E M A L A 108 The Government
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G U I N E A - B I S S A U 110 servi
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H O N D U R A S 112 particularly in
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H U N G A R Y 114 ficking. Sex traf
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I N D I A significant problem. Over
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I N D O N E S I A Though states hav
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I R A N medical clinic in its shelt
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I TA LY 122 Prior to passing the ne
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J A P A N 124 Prosecution The Gover
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J O R D A N 126 ing efforts in Thai
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K E N Y A 128 victims to NGOs. In 2
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K U W A I T 130 Equality and Family
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K Y R G Y Z R E P U B L I C / L A O
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L E B A N O N 134 of commercial sex
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L I B Y A 136 suspected trafficker
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L U X E M B O U R G approximately 7
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m a c e d o n i a 140 countries whe
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M A L A W I 142 20 children were se
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M A L I 144 establish a government-
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M A U R I TA N I A 146 The Governme
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M E X I C O 148 15 years’ impriso
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M O L D O V A 150 ing victims, Mexi
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M O N T E N E G R O 152 announced p
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M O Z M B I Q U E 154 result, poten
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T H E N E T H E R L A N D S Protect
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N I C A R A G U A 158 Reform Act fo
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N I G E R I A 160 ing, Niger should
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N O R W A Y 162 The D.P.R.K. regime
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P A K I S TA N 164 anti-trafficking
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P A P U A N E W G U I N E A Protect
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P H I L I P P I N E S 168 The Gover
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P O L A N D 170 referred victims to
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Q ATA R 172 the first government-fu
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R U S S I A 174 to systematically t
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S A U D I A R A B I A 176 governmen
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S E N E G A L 178 removal to countr
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S E R B I A 180 Protection The gove
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S I N G A P O R E 182 investigation
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S L O V E N I A / S O U T H A F R I
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S P A I N 186 Protection Government
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S U D A N 188 in trafficking. There
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S W E D E N 190 The Government of S
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S Y R I A 192 Protection The govern
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TA J I K I S TA N 194 of traffickin
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TA N Z A N I A The Government of Ta
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T O G O 198 has further drawn finan
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U G A N D A 200 complicit in traffi
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U K R A I N E 202 trafficking; howe
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U N I T E D K I N G D O M 204 tempo
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U Z B E K I S TA N UZBEKISTAN (Tier
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V I E T N A M job service centers a
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Z A M B I A 210 months’ to three
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Z I M B A B W E cases against traff
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A new public awareness campaign lau
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S P E C I A L C A S E S Government
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S P E C I A L C A S E S The Governm
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S P E C I A L C A S E S 220 Unlike
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S P E C I A L C A S E S country. Tu
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R E L E V A N T I N T E R N AT I O
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R E L E V A N T I N T E R N AT I O
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T R A F F I C K I N G V I C T I M S
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I n t e r n at i o n a l P e a c e
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I n t e r n at i o n a l P e a c e
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G L O S S A R Y GLOSSARY OF ACRONYM
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Hagar Foundation provides day-care
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2007 Trafficking in Persons Report - Center for Women Policy Studies

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