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The postcard survey provided information on the billing methods of the various properties. In addition, there were other properties for which billing methods were available (see procedures section). The breakdown for each billing method by city for all identified properties can be seen in Table 4.3. Because the postcards survey was essentially sent to every multi-family property in each study site, this result represents the best estimate in the Study of the actual percentage of in-rent and impact properties in the population. A total of 13.4% of surveyed properties were being separately billed for water and wastewater. An overwhelming majority of properties (84.8%) continued to have water and wastewater paid in the rent or through HOA dues. 1.8% of the respondents indicated “Other”. Respondents who left the question entirely blank were also included in the “Other” category. The breakdown can be seen in the pie chart shown in Figure 4.1. Table 4.3 Breakdown of each billing method for all properties identified Utility Billing Method In-Rent HWH Sub. RUBS Other * Total San Antonio n 183 4 16 159 20 382 % of respondents 48% 1% 4% 42% 5% 100% Tucson n 357 1 36 34 15 443 % of respondents 81% 0% 8% 8% 3% 100% Phoenix n 456 0 25 59 8 548 % of respondents 83% 0% 5% 11% 1% 100% Oakland n 570 7 8 7 11 603 % of respondents 95% 1% 1% 1% 2% 100% Denver n 623 0 12 50 12 697 % of respondents 89% 0% 2% 7% 2% 100% Portland n 1127 7 10 18 11 1173 % of respondents 96% 1% 1% 2% 1% 100% Austin n 478 8 79 233 9 807 % of respondents 59% 1% 10% 29% 1% 100% Indianapolis n 188 1 11 10 11 221 % of respondents 85% 0% 5% 5% 5% 100% Las Vegas n 442 0 17 20 10 489 % of respondents 90% 0% 3% 4% 2% 100% Seattle n 953 11 23 89 13 1089 % of respondents 88% 1% 2% 8% 1% 100% Hillsborough n 66 1 32 3 2 104 % of respondents 63% 1% 31% 3% 2% 100% San Diego n 1317 2 42 35 20 1416 % of respondents 93% 0% 3% 2% 1% 100% Total n 6760 42 311 717 142 7972 % of respondents 84.8% 0.5% 3.9% 9.0% 1.8% 100% * Includes “Other” as well as respondents who left the question blank. 68
Submetered 3.9% Hot Water Hybrid 0.5% RUBS 9.0% Other 1.8% In-Rent 84.8% Figure 4.1 Percent of different billing methods among postcard survey respondents The postcard survey also provided information about the number of units within each multi-family property. In general, it was found that the impact properties were larger and had a higher average number of units (175) than the in-rent properties (43). This was part of the motivation for taking a stratified sample based on number of units for the manager survey. In addition, the research plan originally aimed to exclude any properties with less than 10 units. However, in Oakland, the vast majority of properties had less than 10 units, so in order to not lose it as a study site, properties with less than 10 units remained in the sample. Table 4.4 shows these results. 69
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NATIONAL MULTIPLE FAMILY SUBMETERIN
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CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES............
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Matched-Pair Analysis .............
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LIST OF TABLES Table ES.1.1 Breakdo
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Table 6.6 Elasticity values, analys
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Figure 4.30 RUBS water bill #6 ....
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investigated local water savings as
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We are grateful to the members of a
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quantitative aspects of separate bi
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3. Owner/postcard survey: To identi
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"averages" of impact property water
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in-rent properties, others used the
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of these models included the billin
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70 Average Annual Water Use Per Uni
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COSTS AND BENEFITS Beyond quantifyi
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service charge, then the resident w
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Billing Method Efficient Fixtures?
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70 Avg. Water Use per MF Unit (kgal
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REGULATORY FRAMEWORK REVIEW The fra
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Table ES.1.12 NSUAA Summary of Stat
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above, the researchers offer the fo
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service is preferable, and would he
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practices (BMPs) should be implemen
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infrastructure of the building and
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multi-family housing. The transfer
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODU CTION More and mo
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In 1998, 15.0%, or 15.4 million, of
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TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS OF BILL
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submetering. With utility-submeteri
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all the two bedroom units for $20 p
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HOW TO USE THIS REPORT This report
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CHAPTER 2 LITERAT URE REVIEW As the
Page 69 and 70: A review of the literature unearthe
Page 71 and 72: The price elasticity of water deman
Page 73 and 74: expected. Additionally, McClelland
Page 75 and 76: submetered and five control (in-ren
Page 77 and 78: Another study might want to target
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER 3 RESEARC H METHODS, APPROA
Page 83 and 84: 1. Selection of participating study
Page 85 and 86: STUDY SITE SELECTION The Study aime
Page 87 and 88: Figure 3.2 National Multiple Family
Page 89 and 90: Matched pair protocol/survey - conf
Page 91 and 92: information given the available bud
Page 93 and 94: survey. Service companies that prov
Page 95 and 96: in “business to business” calli
Page 97 and 98: MATCHED PAIR SAMPLE The purpose of
Page 99 and 100: The second part of the visit requir
Page 101 and 102: epresentative of a known population
Page 103 and 104: 51 Table 3.7 Postcard survey statis
Page 105 and 106: Table 3.8 Comparison of annual wate
Page 107 and 108: postcard survey. Nevertheless, exam
Page 109 and 110: confidence interval ranged from 49.
Page 111 and 112: particular property (e.g., the mont
Page 113 and 114: State PUC officials - water commiss
Page 115: 10. The PROPID number appearing on
Page 118 and 119: These costs represent the commodity
Page 122 and 123: Table 4.4 Average number of units f
Page 124 and 125: Two-thirds of the properties that r
Page 126 and 127: Percent of Surveyed Properties with
Page 128 and 129: $700 Average Rent Per Bedroom ($) $
Page 130 and 131: Percent of Surveyed Properties with
Page 132 and 133: Impact properties were also more li
Page 134 and 135: Table 4.8 Issues considered before
Page 136 and 137: Percent of Surveyed Impact Properti
Page 138 and 139: 60% Percent of Surveyed Properties
Page 140 and 141: From the visits, it was found that
Page 142 and 143: 100% Percent of Surveyed Residents
Page 144 and 145: Roughly similar proportions of resi
Page 146 and 147: inserts for toilets (21%) or low-fl
Page 148 and 149: proportion were unsure, 37% from su
Page 150 and 151: Table 4.18 Ownership and rental rat
Page 152 and 153: Figure 4.17 Submeter water bill #1
Page 158 and 159: wastewater rates are not shown so t
Page 160 and 161: Figure 4.23 Hot water hybrid water
Page 162 and 163: RUBS Sample Bills Seven sample RUBS
Page 164 and 165: wastewater rates are not shown so t
Page 166 and 167: Figure 4.28 RUBS water bill #4 from
Page 168 and 169: Figure 4.30 RUBS water bill #6 RUBS
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directly to and then paid by the th
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never subtracting for common area w
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Late Fees At the start of water bil
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124
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intuitively clear, and matches comm
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Indoor water use was normalized on
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Table 5.3 Summarized water use anal
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easonable assumption since there is
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Figure 5.1 shows the frequency dist
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40 Difference in Annual Water Use p
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after 1995. By including only those
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Table 5.11 Statistical tests compar
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Factors that Influence Water Use Th
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Table 5.12 Association of categoric
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Indoor Water Use per Unit in 2001 I
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Table 5.13 Continuous factors from
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Multivariate Models to Determine Im
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properties built before 1995 were c
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A = Beta coefficient for “Propert
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substantially reduces the sample si
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Table 5.17 Model #2 coefficients an
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0.00 indicating that whatever fit d
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commodity charge for water and wast
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properties having generally lower w
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110 Average Annual Water Use Per Un
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analysis, intended to control best
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Table 5.27 Paired samples test, all
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Table 5.30 Estimated water use befo
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Table 5.33 Comparison of water savi
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180
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sector only reduced usage by 18% (A
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Table 6.1 Avoided costs from submet
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submetered. Complete responses of c
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included in this cost/benefit analy
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Table 6.3 Cost and benefit for owne
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Perceived Concerns In the resident
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With a service fee, residents could
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Table 6.4 Economic return for a res
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ANALYSIS OF PRICE ELASTICITIES Econ
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concluded that if a single elastici
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esults from this analysis point to
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over which they have control than d
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According to the basic consumer cho
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The consumer choice problem can be
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210
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water systems from compliance with
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and methods of practice. NIST publi
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Table 7.1 NSUAA Summary of State Re
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New Surveys of State Agencies and W
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the AWWA WaterStats 1999 database.
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Measures, which dispatches a public
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Mississippi, Missouri, Pennsylvania
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226 Table 7.6 Summary of utility re
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DISCUSSION - KEY EXAMPLES OF STATE
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ill. Condominium associations are g
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under construction after January 1,
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Weights and Measures Regulation In
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from the submetering. Meter testing
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clean and decent housing or the lac
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240
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NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE F
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complaints in all 50 states and app
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- Meters must demonstrate in testin
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- Plumbing systems are space constr
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(2) Twisted or kinked flex supply l
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252
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Estimated Water Use By Different Bi
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there are clear benefits to these s
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study site. These values were then
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immediately strengthens the owner's
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among the nation's key strategies f
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all repair and replacement decision
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These findings underscore the obser
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varies with volume of use) for mult
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Recommendation 6 - Efficient plumbi
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financially responsible for their o
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individual unit, the volume allocat
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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARC
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Fixed rates - Part of a master mete
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Total-capture submetering - a type
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282
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Corral, L.R. 1997. Price and Non-Pr
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McClelland, L. 1980. Encouraging En
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Young, C.E., K.R. Kinsley and W.E.
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