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Corral, L.R. 1997. Price and Non-Price Influence in Urban Water Conservation. Ph.D. diss., University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA. Cuthbert, W. R. 1989. Effectiveness of conservation-oriented water rates in Tucson. Journal AWWA, 81(3): 65-73. DOE (Department of Energy). 2000. Final Rule Technical Support Document (TSD): Energy Efficiency Standards for Consumer Products: Clothes Washers. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Energy. Prepared for the Department of Energy by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and Arthur D. Little, Inc. Danielson, L.E. 1979. An Analysis of Residential Demand For Water Using Micro Time-Series Data. Water Resources Research, 15(4): 763-767. De Anza Santa Cruz Mobile Estate Homeowners Association Versus De Anza Santa Cruz Mobile Estates. 2001. Santa Cruz County, California: Santa Cruz County Superior Court. DeOreo, W.B., P.W. Mayer, and D.M. Lewis. 2000. Seattle Home Water Conservation Study. Boulder, CO: Aquacraft, Inc. DeOreo, W.B., P.W. Mayer, E.L.Towler, and D.M.Lewis. 2003. Residential Indoor Water Conservation Study: Evaluation of High Efficiency Indoor Plumbing Fixture Retrofits in Single-Family Homes in the East Bay Municipal Utility District Service Area. Boulder, CO: Aquacraft, Inc. DeOreo, W.B., P.W. Mayer, E.L Towler, and L.A. Martien. 2004. Tampa Water Department Residential Water Conservation Study. Boulder, CO: Aquacraft, Inc. Dietemann, A. 1999. Sub-Metering: The Next Big Conservation Frontier? In AWWA Annual Conference Proceedings. Chicago, IL: AWWA. Dollars & Cents of Multifamily Housing: 2003. 2003. Urban Land Institute, Washington D.C. Espey, M., J. Espey, W.D. Shaw. 1997. Price Elasticity of Residential Demand for Water: a Meta-Analysis. Water Resources Research, 33(6): 1369-1374. Flechas, F. W. 1980. The Effect of Metering and Price in Attaining Urban Water Conservation in the Denver Metropolitan Area. Masters thesis. University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO. Gibbs, K.C. 1978. Price Variable in Residential Water Demand Models. Water Resources Research, 14(1): 15-18. Gibbons, R. 1992. Game Theory for Applied Economists. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. 284
Goodman, J. 1999. Water Conservation from User Charges in Multi-family Rental Housing. Washington, D.C.: American Real Estate and Urban Economics Association. Gordon, L.P. 1999. The Influence of Individual Metering on Water Consumption in Multi-family Dwellings. Master’s thesis. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA. Hanke, S.H. 1970. Demand for Water under Dynamic Conditions. Water Resources Research, 6(5): 1253-1261. Hanke, S. H., and E. Flack. 1968. Effects of Metering Urban Water. Journal AWWA, 60(Dec): 1359-1366. Hanemann, W.M. 1998. Determinants of Urban Water Use. In Urban Water Demand Management and Planning. Edited by D.D. Bauman, J.J. Boland, and W.M. Hanemann. New York: McGraw Hill, Inc. Hewitt, Julie A. and W. Michael Hanemann. 1995. A Discrete/Continuous Choice Approach to Residential Water Demand under Block Rate Pricing. Land Economics, 72(2): 173-192. Howe, C.W. 1982. The Impact of Price on Residential Water Demand: Some New Insights. Water Resources Research, 18(4): 713-716. Howe, C.W. and F.P. Linaweaver. 1967. The Impact of Price on Residential Water Demand and Its Relation to System Design and Price Structure. Water Resources Research, 3(1): 13- 32. Jones, C.V., J. J. Boland, J. E. Crews, C.F. DeKay, and J.R. Morris. 1984. Municipal Water Demand: Statistical and Management Issues. Boulder, CO: Westview Press. Koch, R.N., and R.F. Oulton. 1990. Submetering: Conservation’s Unexplored Potential. In Proc. of Conserv90. Phoenix, AZ: AWWA. Koplow, D. and A. Lownie. 1999. Submetering, RUBS, and Water Conservation. Cambridge, MA: Industrial Economics, Inc. Making Sense of Submetering. 2002. The Wellspring Monitor Monthly Newsletter. Martin, W. E., and S. Kulakowski. 1991. Water Price as a Policy Variable in Managing Urban Water Uses: Tucson, Arizona. Water Resources Research, 27(2): 157-166. Mayer, P.W., W.B. DeOreo, E.M. Opitz, J.C. Kiefer, W.Y. Davis, B. Dziegielewski and J.O. Nelson. 1999. Residential End Uses of Water. Denver, Colorado: American Water Works Association Research Foundation. McClave, J.T., F.H Dietrich II, T. Sinich. 1997. Statistics, 7 th Edition. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 285
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NATIONAL MULTIPLE FAMILY SUBMETERIN
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CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES............
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Matched-Pair Analysis .............
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LIST OF TABLES Table ES.1.1 Breakdo
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Table 6.6 Elasticity values, analys
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Figure 4.30 RUBS water bill #6 ....
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investigated local water savings as
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We are grateful to the members of a
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quantitative aspects of separate bi
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3. Owner/postcard survey: To identi
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"averages" of impact property water
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in-rent properties, others used the
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of these models included the billin
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70 Average Annual Water Use Per Uni
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COSTS AND BENEFITS Beyond quantifyi
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service charge, then the resident w
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Billing Method Efficient Fixtures?
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70 Avg. Water Use per MF Unit (kgal
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REGULATORY FRAMEWORK REVIEW The fra
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Table ES.1.12 NSUAA Summary of Stat
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above, the researchers offer the fo
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service is preferable, and would he
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practices (BMPs) should be implemen
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infrastructure of the building and
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multi-family housing. The transfer
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODU CTION More and mo
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In 1998, 15.0%, or 15.4 million, of
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TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS OF BILL
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submetering. With utility-submeteri
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all the two bedroom units for $20 p
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HOW TO USE THIS REPORT This report
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CHAPTER 2 LITERAT URE REVIEW As the
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A review of the literature unearthe
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The price elasticity of water deman
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expected. Additionally, McClelland
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submetered and five control (in-ren
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Another study might want to target
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CHAPTER 3 RESEARC H METHODS, APPROA
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1. Selection of participating study
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STUDY SITE SELECTION The Study aime
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Figure 3.2 National Multiple Family
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Matched pair protocol/survey - conf
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information given the available bud
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survey. Service companies that prov
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in “business to business” calli
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MATCHED PAIR SAMPLE The purpose of
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The second part of the visit requir
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epresentative of a known population
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51 Table 3.7 Postcard survey statis
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Table 3.8 Comparison of annual wate
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postcard survey. Nevertheless, exam
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confidence interval ranged from 49.
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particular property (e.g., the mont
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State PUC officials - water commiss
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10. The PROPID number appearing on
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These costs represent the commodity
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The postcard survey provided inform
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Table 4.4 Average number of units f
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Two-thirds of the properties that r
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Percent of Surveyed Properties with
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$700 Average Rent Per Bedroom ($) $
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Percent of Surveyed Properties with
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Impact properties were also more li
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Table 4.8 Issues considered before
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Percent of Surveyed Impact Properti
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60% Percent of Surveyed Properties
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From the visits, it was found that
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100% Percent of Surveyed Residents
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Roughly similar proportions of resi
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inserts for toilets (21%) or low-fl
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proportion were unsure, 37% from su
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Table 4.18 Ownership and rental rat
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Figure 4.17 Submeter water bill #1
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wastewater rates are not shown so t
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Figure 4.23 Hot water hybrid water
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RUBS Sample Bills Seven sample RUBS
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wastewater rates are not shown so t
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Figure 4.28 RUBS water bill #4 from
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Figure 4.30 RUBS water bill #6 RUBS
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directly to and then paid by the th
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never subtracting for common area w
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Late Fees At the start of water bil
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124
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intuitively clear, and matches comm
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Indoor water use was normalized on
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Table 5.3 Summarized water use anal
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easonable assumption since there is
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Figure 5.1 shows the frequency dist
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40 Difference in Annual Water Use p
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after 1995. By including only those
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Table 5.11 Statistical tests compar
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Factors that Influence Water Use Th
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Table 5.12 Association of categoric
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Indoor Water Use per Unit in 2001 I
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Table 5.13 Continuous factors from
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Multivariate Models to Determine Im
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properties built before 1995 were c
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A = Beta coefficient for “Propert
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substantially reduces the sample si
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Table 5.17 Model #2 coefficients an
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0.00 indicating that whatever fit d
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commodity charge for water and wast
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properties having generally lower w
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110 Average Annual Water Use Per Un
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analysis, intended to control best
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Table 5.27 Paired samples test, all
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Table 5.30 Estimated water use befo
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Table 5.33 Comparison of water savi
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180
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sector only reduced usage by 18% (A
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Table 6.1 Avoided costs from submet
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submetered. Complete responses of c
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included in this cost/benefit analy
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Table 6.3 Cost and benefit for owne
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Perceived Concerns In the resident
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With a service fee, residents could
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Table 6.4 Economic return for a res
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ANALYSIS OF PRICE ELASTICITIES Econ
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concluded that if a single elastici
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esults from this analysis point to
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over which they have control than d
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According to the basic consumer cho
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The consumer choice problem can be
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210
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water systems from compliance with
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and methods of practice. NIST publi
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Table 7.1 NSUAA Summary of State Re
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New Surveys of State Agencies and W
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the AWWA WaterStats 1999 database.
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Measures, which dispatches a public
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Mississippi, Missouri, Pennsylvania
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226 Table 7.6 Summary of utility re
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DISCUSSION - KEY EXAMPLES OF STATE
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ill. Condominium associations are g
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under construction after January 1,
Page 286 and 287: Weights and Measures Regulation In
Page 288 and 289: from the submetering. Meter testing
Page 290 and 291: clean and decent housing or the lac
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Page 294 and 295: NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE F
Page 296 and 297: complaints in all 50 states and app
Page 298 and 299: - Meters must demonstrate in testin
Page 300 and 301: - Plumbing systems are space constr
Page 302 and 303: (2) Twisted or kinked flex supply l
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Page 306 and 307: Estimated Water Use By Different Bi
Page 308 and 309: there are clear benefits to these s
Page 310 and 311: study site. These values were then
Page 312 and 313: immediately strengthens the owner's
Page 314 and 315: among the nation's key strategies f
Page 316 and 317: all repair and replacement decision
Page 318 and 319: These findings underscore the obser
Page 320 and 321: varies with volume of use) for mult
Page 322 and 323: Recommendation 6 - Efficient plumbi
Page 324 and 325: financially responsible for their o
Page 326 and 327: individual unit, the volume allocat
Page 328 and 329: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARC
Page 330 and 331: Fixed rates - Part of a master mete
Page 332 and 333: Total-capture submetering - a type
Page 334 and 335: 282
Page 338 and 339: McClelland, L. 1980. Encouraging En
Page 340: Young, C.E., K.R. Kinsley and W.E.
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