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Mississippi, Missouri, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Texas responded that owners or managers were required to inform public agencies. Alabama, Alaska, Mississippi, Missouri, and South Carolina reported that owners or managers report submetering to the state environmental protection and/or health agencies, the Alabama Department of Environmental Management, the Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, the Mississippi Department of Health, Missouri Department of Water Quality, and the South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental Conservation, respectively. Alaska further reported that the Regulatory Commission of Alaska be informed. Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Texas reported that a state agency must be informed, but did not report a specific agency. Further research indicated that in Texas, the Commission on Environmental Quality must be informed (TAC 291.122). The variety of state responses regarding how submetering systems are regulated under the state drinking water program reflects the differing interpretations of US EPA regulations. Sixteen states reported that submetering and RUBS systems are regulated under the State Drinking Water Offices as public water systems. Twenty-four states report that submetering is not regulated under the program, and therefore has no status. Three of those states, Delaware, Oklahoma, and Washington, reported that other state drinking water agency guidelines regulated submetering. Delaware reported that submetering systems are only regulated by the agency if water treatment is installed on the water line. North Carolina reported that such systems are regulated as consecutive systems, and New Jersey regulators make a case-by-case determination on submetering and RUBS systems to decide how they are regulated. Oklahoma and Washington reported that systems are regulated under other water quality regulations, not the state drinking water program. (OAC 252.631 in Oklahoma and WAC 246.290 in Washington) Two states, Texas and Wisconsin, report that submetered systems are regulated in some way other than those reported above. Wisconsin did not report how the systems are regulated. Texas reported regulations located in the Texas Administrative Code at 291.121. Regarding implementation of new regulations or guidelines, only Mississippi and South Carolina reported considering new guidelines for the regulation of submetering and RUBS. However, both states reported that the process was in the very early stages and follow-up research found no progress reaching the public comment stage. 224
Water Utility Managers Results A total of 40 public utilities and one private utility providing service to more than 28 million people nationwide responded to the survey of water utility managers. Although the survey was targeted at retail and/or combination retail and wholesale utilities, two wholesaleonly water suppliers inadvertently remained in the sample universe. One responded to the survey, but the responses given were not incorporated into these results. Thus, a total of 40 targeted utilities responded to questions on this survey. The majority of utilities that responded to the survey (32) sell water at a wholesale and retail level. The remaining eight respondents reported to be retail only utilities: Anaheim Public Utilities, City of Chesapeake Department of Public Utilities, East Bay Municipal Utility District, Glendale (AZ) Utilities Utility Department, Glendale (CA) Water and Power, Hillsborough County (FL), Las Vegas Valley Water District, and the City of St. Louis Water Division. Regarding the resale of water, 29 respondents reported allowing the resale of water by third parties. These utilities were more divided on the question of allowing resale of water for a profit: 17 reported allowing profit, 8 reported that it was not allowed, and 4 were unsure. Twenty-six utilities reported that they had no regulations regarding water submetering programs. Of those, 13 responded that the lack of regulations meant that submetering was allowed, but not utility regulated. The remaining 13 did not respond to the follow-up question regarding submetering being allowed. Of the 14 utilities that reported having regulations for submetering, only 2, the City of Buffalo Water Department and the Shreveport Department of Operational Services, reported that submetering is prohibited by the utility. In summation, a total of 25 utilities stated explicitly that submetering is allowed by the utility (whether they regulate it or not), 13 reported that it was prohibited, and 13 did not provide specific responses. Twenty-nine of the respondents reported no regulations regarding RUBS. Of those, the Arlington (TX) Public Utilities and the Las Vegas Valley Water District explicitly prohibit the use of RUBS. The nine utilities with regulations regarding RUBS allowed it, and two utilities were unsure of RUBS regulatory status within the utility. To determine how utilities approached the metering of multi-family buildings, respondents were asked to report whether the utility installed master meters, individual meters in each unit, or both. Eleven utilities reported that individual meters are installed by utilities and the remaining 26 respondents reported installing master meters only (see Table 6). Utility responses are summarized in Table 7.6. 225
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NATIONAL MULTIPLE FAMILY SUBMETERIN
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CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES............
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Matched-Pair Analysis .............
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LIST OF TABLES Table ES.1.1 Breakdo
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Table 6.6 Elasticity values, analys
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Figure 4.30 RUBS water bill #6 ....
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investigated local water savings as
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We are grateful to the members of a
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quantitative aspects of separate bi
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3. Owner/postcard survey: To identi
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"averages" of impact property water
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in-rent properties, others used the
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of these models included the billin
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70 Average Annual Water Use Per Uni
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COSTS AND BENEFITS Beyond quantifyi
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service charge, then the resident w
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Billing Method Efficient Fixtures?
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70 Avg. Water Use per MF Unit (kgal
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REGULATORY FRAMEWORK REVIEW The fra
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Table ES.1.12 NSUAA Summary of Stat
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above, the researchers offer the fo
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service is preferable, and would he
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practices (BMPs) should be implemen
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infrastructure of the building and
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multi-family housing. The transfer
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODU CTION More and mo
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In 1998, 15.0%, or 15.4 million, of
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TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS OF BILL
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submetering. With utility-submeteri
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all the two bedroom units for $20 p
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HOW TO USE THIS REPORT This report
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CHAPTER 2 LITERAT URE REVIEW As the
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A review of the literature unearthe
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The price elasticity of water deman
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expected. Additionally, McClelland
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submetered and five control (in-ren
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Another study might want to target
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CHAPTER 3 RESEARC H METHODS, APPROA
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1. Selection of participating study
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STUDY SITE SELECTION The Study aime
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Figure 3.2 National Multiple Family
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Matched pair protocol/survey - conf
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information given the available bud
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survey. Service companies that prov
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in “business to business” calli
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MATCHED PAIR SAMPLE The purpose of
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The second part of the visit requir
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epresentative of a known population
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51 Table 3.7 Postcard survey statis
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Table 3.8 Comparison of annual wate
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postcard survey. Nevertheless, exam
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confidence interval ranged from 49.
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particular property (e.g., the mont
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State PUC officials - water commiss
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10. The PROPID number appearing on
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These costs represent the commodity
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The postcard survey provided inform
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Table 4.4 Average number of units f
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Two-thirds of the properties that r
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Percent of Surveyed Properties with
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$700 Average Rent Per Bedroom ($) $
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Percent of Surveyed Properties with
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Impact properties were also more li
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Table 4.8 Issues considered before
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Percent of Surveyed Impact Properti
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60% Percent of Surveyed Properties
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From the visits, it was found that
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100% Percent of Surveyed Residents
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Roughly similar proportions of resi
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inserts for toilets (21%) or low-fl
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proportion were unsure, 37% from su
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Table 4.18 Ownership and rental rat
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Figure 4.17 Submeter water bill #1
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wastewater rates are not shown so t
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Figure 4.23 Hot water hybrid water
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RUBS Sample Bills Seven sample RUBS
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wastewater rates are not shown so t
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Figure 4.28 RUBS water bill #4 from
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Figure 4.30 RUBS water bill #6 RUBS
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directly to and then paid by the th
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never subtracting for common area w
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Late Fees At the start of water bil
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124
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intuitively clear, and matches comm
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Indoor water use was normalized on
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Table 5.3 Summarized water use anal
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easonable assumption since there is
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Figure 5.1 shows the frequency dist
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40 Difference in Annual Water Use p
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after 1995. By including only those
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Table 5.11 Statistical tests compar
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Factors that Influence Water Use Th
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Table 5.12 Association of categoric
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Indoor Water Use per Unit in 2001 I
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Table 5.13 Continuous factors from
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Multivariate Models to Determine Im
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properties built before 1995 were c
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A = Beta coefficient for “Propert
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substantially reduces the sample si
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Table 5.17 Model #2 coefficients an
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0.00 indicating that whatever fit d
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commodity charge for water and wast
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properties having generally lower w
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110 Average Annual Water Use Per Un
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analysis, intended to control best
Page 226 and 227: Table 5.27 Paired samples test, all
Page 228 and 229: Table 5.30 Estimated water use befo
Page 230 and 231: Table 5.33 Comparison of water savi
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Page 234 and 235: sector only reduced usage by 18% (A
Page 236 and 237: Table 6.1 Avoided costs from submet
Page 238 and 239: submetered. Complete responses of c
Page 240 and 241: included in this cost/benefit analy
Page 242 and 243: Table 6.3 Cost and benefit for owne
Page 244 and 245: Perceived Concerns In the resident
Page 246 and 247: With a service fee, residents could
Page 248 and 249: Table 6.4 Economic return for a res
Page 250 and 251: ANALYSIS OF PRICE ELASTICITIES Econ
Page 252 and 253: concluded that if a single elastici
Page 254 and 255: esults from this analysis point to
Page 256 and 257: over which they have control than d
Page 258 and 259: According to the basic consumer cho
Page 260 and 261: The consumer choice problem can be
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Page 264 and 265: water systems from compliance with
Page 266 and 267: and methods of practice. NIST publi
Page 268 and 269: Table 7.1 NSUAA Summary of State Re
Page 270 and 271: New Surveys of State Agencies and W
Page 272 and 273: the AWWA WaterStats 1999 database.
Page 274 and 275: Measures, which dispatches a public
Page 278 and 279: 226 Table 7.6 Summary of utility re
Page 280 and 281: DISCUSSION - KEY EXAMPLES OF STATE
Page 282 and 283: ill. Condominium associations are g
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Page 286 and 287: Weights and Measures Regulation In
Page 288 and 289: from the submetering. Meter testing
Page 290 and 291: clean and decent housing or the lac
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Page 294 and 295: NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE F
Page 296 and 297: complaints in all 50 states and app
Page 298 and 299: - Meters must demonstrate in testin
Page 300 and 301: - Plumbing systems are space constr
Page 302 and 303: (2) Twisted or kinked flex supply l
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Page 306 and 307: Estimated Water Use By Different Bi
Page 308 and 309: there are clear benefits to these s
Page 310 and 311: study site. These values were then
Page 312 and 313: immediately strengthens the owner's
Page 314 and 315: among the nation's key strategies f
Page 316 and 317: all repair and replacement decision
Page 318 and 319: These findings underscore the obser
Page 320 and 321: varies with volume of use) for mult
Page 322 and 323: Recommendation 6 - Efficient plumbi
Page 324 and 325: financially responsible for their o
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individual unit, the volume allocat
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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARC
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Fixed rates - Part of a master mete
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Total-capture submetering - a type
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282
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Corral, L.R. 1997. Price and Non-Pr
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McClelland, L. 1980. Encouraging En
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Young, C.E., K.R. Kinsley and W.E.
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