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Table 3.2 Postcard survey response rates Total delivered surveys Total completed surveys Utility Sample Frame Undeliverables Response rate* San Antonio 844 619 225 382 61.7% Tucson 1,111 1,028 83 443 43.1% Phoenix 1,688 1,238 450 548 44.3% Oakland 1,469 1,233 236 603 48.9% Denver 1,731 993 738 697 70.2% Portland 2,643 1,592 1051 1,173 73.7% Austin 1,923 1,555 368 807 51.9% Indianapolis 596 393 203 221 56.2% Irvine na na na na na Las Vegas 1,400 925 475 489 52.9% Seattle 2,585 1,462 1,123 1,089 74.5% Hillsborough County 265 265 0 104 39.2% San Diego 3,240 2,297 943 1,416 61.6% TOTAL 19,495 13,600 5,895 7,972 58.6% *Response rate calculated from delivered surveys and completed surveys Manager Survey After the postcard survey was completed, a survey instrument was sent to managers of individual properties requesting detailed information about the property characteristics, property amenities, water fixtures, and water bill payment. The survey included questions about the building size and landscape, rent rates, occupancy rates, building features and amenities, changes to water using fixtures and appliances, water bill payment methods, and others. The final survey was five pages long (8.5 x 11 inches, 11-point type), contained 43 multi-part questions and typically took 10 to 15 minutes to fill out. In the survey, 15 questions pertained to property characteristics, 3 to property amenities, 6 to water fixtures, and 17 to billing methods. The back page of the questionnaire was devoted to soliciting unit addresses for the resident survey, contact information, and return instructions. As with the postcard survey, a drawing for a cash prize ($500) was included, in hopes of increasing response rates. An example of the manager survey can be found in Appendix A. The manager survey was sent to in-rent and impact properties identified through the postcard survey. In addition, impact properties identified by billing service companies and from web sources that had not responded to the postcard survey were also included in the manager 40
survey. Service companies that provided this information included National Water and Power, Viterra, and Archstone. The web information was provided by a Texas utility registry (http://www.tceq.state.tx.us/index.html) and was only applicable to San Antonio and Austin. The number of properties identified through each source can be seen in Table 3.3. All in all, about 15% of all the surveys sent were obtained from sources other than the postcard survey. Table 3.3 Manager survey properties identified through service companies and a Texas web site registry Properties Identified Through: Total Service Web City Companies* Registry † Austin 15 142 157 Denver 23 - 23 Oakland 17 - 17 Hills 8 - 8 Indianapolis 5 - 5 Irvine 18 - 18 Las Vegas 9 - 9 Phoenix 35 - 35 Portland 11 - 11 San Antonio 4 79 83 San Diego 35 - 35 Seattle 9 - 9 Tucson 31 - 31 Total 220 221 441 * Service companies include National Water and Power, Archstone, and Viterra † Web properties are only for Austin and San Antonio Since a lower percentage of impact properties were identified than originally anticipated, a saturation sampling technique was chosen for the manager survey so that every identified impact property received a manager survey. Within each city, impact properties were placed into bins according to number of units. The bin ranges for each city were determined by ordering all units in descending order and dividing them equally into thirds. Then, a stratified random sample of in-rent properties was drawn from corresponding bins. The goal was that for approximately every 1.2 impact surveys sent, 2 in-rent surveys would be sent. For example, if a city had 24 impact properties identified in its lowest bin (10 – 100 units), then about 40 properties would be picked from the in-rents that fell within the same bin range. If there were 41
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NATIONAL MULTIPLE FAMILY SUBMETERIN
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CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES............
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Matched-Pair Analysis .............
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LIST OF TABLES Table ES.1.1 Breakdo
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Table 6.6 Elasticity values, analys
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Figure 4.30 RUBS water bill #6 ....
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investigated local water savings as
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We are grateful to the members of a
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quantitative aspects of separate bi
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3. Owner/postcard survey: To identi
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"averages" of impact property water
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in-rent properties, others used the
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of these models included the billin
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70 Average Annual Water Use Per Uni
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COSTS AND BENEFITS Beyond quantifyi
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service charge, then the resident w
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Billing Method Efficient Fixtures?
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70 Avg. Water Use per MF Unit (kgal
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REGULATORY FRAMEWORK REVIEW The fra
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Table ES.1.12 NSUAA Summary of Stat
Page 42 and 43: above, the researchers offer the fo
Page 44 and 45: service is preferable, and would he
Page 46 and 47: practices (BMPs) should be implemen
Page 48 and 49: infrastructure of the building and
Page 50: multi-family housing. The transfer
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 1 INTRODU CTION More and mo
Page 55 and 56: In 1998, 15.0%, or 15.4 million, of
Page 57 and 58: TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS OF BILL
Page 59 and 60: submetering. With utility-submeteri
Page 61 and 62: all the two bedroom units for $20 p
Page 63 and 64: HOW TO USE THIS REPORT This report
Page 67 and 68: CHAPTER 2 LITERAT URE REVIEW As the
Page 69 and 70: A review of the literature unearthe
Page 71 and 72: The price elasticity of water deman
Page 73 and 74: expected. Additionally, McClelland
Page 75 and 76: submetered and five control (in-ren
Page 77 and 78: Another study might want to target
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER 3 RESEARC H METHODS, APPROA
Page 83 and 84: 1. Selection of participating study
Page 85 and 86: STUDY SITE SELECTION The Study aime
Page 87 and 88: Figure 3.2 National Multiple Family
Page 89 and 90: Matched pair protocol/survey - conf
Page 91: information given the available bud
Page 95 and 96: in “business to business” calli
Page 97 and 98: MATCHED PAIR SAMPLE The purpose of
Page 99 and 100: The second part of the visit requir
Page 101 and 102: epresentative of a known population
Page 103 and 104: 51 Table 3.7 Postcard survey statis
Page 105 and 106: Table 3.8 Comparison of annual wate
Page 107 and 108: postcard survey. Nevertheless, exam
Page 109 and 110: confidence interval ranged from 49.
Page 111 and 112: particular property (e.g., the mont
Page 113 and 114: State PUC officials - water commiss
Page 115: 10. The PROPID number appearing on
Page 118 and 119: These costs represent the commodity
Page 120 and 121: The postcard survey provided inform
Page 122 and 123: Table 4.4 Average number of units f
Page 124 and 125: Two-thirds of the properties that r
Page 126 and 127: Percent of Surveyed Properties with
Page 128 and 129: $700 Average Rent Per Bedroom ($) $
Page 130 and 131: Percent of Surveyed Properties with
Page 132 and 133: Impact properties were also more li
Page 134 and 135: Table 4.8 Issues considered before
Page 136 and 137: Percent of Surveyed Impact Properti
Page 138 and 139: 60% Percent of Surveyed Properties
Page 140 and 141: From the visits, it was found that
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100% Percent of Surveyed Residents
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Roughly similar proportions of resi
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inserts for toilets (21%) or low-fl
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proportion were unsure, 37% from su
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Table 4.18 Ownership and rental rat
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Figure 4.17 Submeter water bill #1
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wastewater rates are not shown so t
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Figure 4.23 Hot water hybrid water
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RUBS Sample Bills Seven sample RUBS
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wastewater rates are not shown so t
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Figure 4.28 RUBS water bill #4 from
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Figure 4.30 RUBS water bill #6 RUBS
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directly to and then paid by the th
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never subtracting for common area w
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Late Fees At the start of water bil
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124
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intuitively clear, and matches comm
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Indoor water use was normalized on
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Table 5.3 Summarized water use anal
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easonable assumption since there is
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Figure 5.1 shows the frequency dist
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40 Difference in Annual Water Use p
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after 1995. By including only those
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Table 5.11 Statistical tests compar
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Factors that Influence Water Use Th
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Table 5.12 Association of categoric
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Indoor Water Use per Unit in 2001 I
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Table 5.13 Continuous factors from
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Multivariate Models to Determine Im
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properties built before 1995 were c
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A = Beta coefficient for “Propert
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substantially reduces the sample si
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Table 5.17 Model #2 coefficients an
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0.00 indicating that whatever fit d
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commodity charge for water and wast
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properties having generally lower w
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110 Average Annual Water Use Per Un
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analysis, intended to control best
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Table 5.27 Paired samples test, all
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Table 5.30 Estimated water use befo
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Table 5.33 Comparison of water savi
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180
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sector only reduced usage by 18% (A
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Table 6.1 Avoided costs from submet
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submetered. Complete responses of c
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included in this cost/benefit analy
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Table 6.3 Cost and benefit for owne
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Perceived Concerns In the resident
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With a service fee, residents could
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Table 6.4 Economic return for a res
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ANALYSIS OF PRICE ELASTICITIES Econ
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concluded that if a single elastici
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esults from this analysis point to
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over which they have control than d
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According to the basic consumer cho
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The consumer choice problem can be
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210
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water systems from compliance with
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and methods of practice. NIST publi
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Table 7.1 NSUAA Summary of State Re
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New Surveys of State Agencies and W
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the AWWA WaterStats 1999 database.
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Measures, which dispatches a public
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Mississippi, Missouri, Pennsylvania
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226 Table 7.6 Summary of utility re
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DISCUSSION - KEY EXAMPLES OF STATE
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ill. Condominium associations are g
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under construction after January 1,
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Weights and Measures Regulation In
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from the submetering. Meter testing
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clean and decent housing or the lac
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240
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NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE F
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complaints in all 50 states and app
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- Meters must demonstrate in testin
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- Plumbing systems are space constr
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(2) Twisted or kinked flex supply l
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252
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Estimated Water Use By Different Bi
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there are clear benefits to these s
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study site. These values were then
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immediately strengthens the owner's
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among the nation's key strategies f
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all repair and replacement decision
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These findings underscore the obser
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varies with volume of use) for mult
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Recommendation 6 - Efficient plumbi
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financially responsible for their o
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individual unit, the volume allocat
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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARC
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Fixed rates - Part of a master mete
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Total-capture submetering - a type
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282
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Corral, L.R. 1997. Price and Non-Pr
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McClelland, L. 1980. Encouraging En
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Young, C.E., K.R. Kinsley and W.E.
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