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Percent of Surveyed Impact Properties Who Converted After Property Was Built Who Experienced Resident Complaints 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 21.8% Submetered N=55 60.8% RUBS N=176 47.4% Hot-water hybrid N=19 Figure 4.11 Impact properties that experienced billing complaints after conversion Table 4.11 Type and frequency of complaints about billing methods Hot water What were some of the complaints? * † Submetered RUBS hybrid Total Too expensive 50.0% 61.4% 62.5% 60.3% Unfair 16.7% 66.3% 87.5% 62.8% Too complicated 0.0% 8.9% 37.5% 9.9% Other 50.0% 18.8% 37.5% 23.1% Number N=12 N=101 N=8 N=121 * Percents may add to more than 100% as respondents could give more than one answer. † Only asked of impact properties where there were complaints Managers of converted impact properties reported encountering few administrative difficulties when the properties were converted. Resistance from residents was a more common problem among RUBS (28%) and hot water hybrid properties (39%) than among submetered properties (7%). These results are presented in Table 4.12. 84
Table 4.12 Administrative difficulties reported with separate billing programs What were some of the admin. difficulties encountered?* † Submetered RUBS Hot water hybrid Total None 60.3% 44.1% 35.7% 48.8% Didn't have to convert 16.5% 5.9% 3.6% 9.2% Difficulty obtaining permits 0.0% 0.0% 3.6% 0.3% Resistance from government or regulatory officials 0.8% 0.9% 3.6% 1.1% Resistance from local water utility 0.0% 0.0% 3.6% 0.3% Resistance from residents 6.6% 28.2% 39.3% 22.0% Don't know 10.7% 14.5% 21.4% 13.8% Other 5.8% 10.5% 14.3% 9.2% Number N=121 N=220 N=28 N=369 * Percents may add to more than 100% as respondents could give more than one answer. † Only asked to impact properties About 30% of properties reported water bill non-payment rates of more than 10%. The average non-payment rate reported was 6.4%. Residents are most frequently billed monthly for water (94% of properties), and the large majority (83%) of properties include wastewater service charges with the residents’ water bill. Many impact properties also include a monthly service charge on the residents’ water bill; 46% of submetered properties, 26% of RUBS properties, and 61% of hot water hybrid properties. Most rental impact properties (92%) include language about the residents’ paying for water in the lease agreement. In many cases (82%), managers indicated that a resident’s security deposit could be docked for failure to pay the water bill 22 . Water Fixture Change-out Managers of properties built before 1995 (when the 1992 EPACT would have been in full effect) were asked whether they had replaced plumbing fixtures within the dwelling units on their property since 1995. As shown in Figure 4.12 below, about 10% to 30% of properties constructed before 1995 had replaced three-quarters or more of the toilets, faucets, showerheads or washing machines since 1995. The proportions were roughly similar between impact and inrent properties. 22 It has since been brought to the researchers’ attention that it is illegal in some states for managers to use resident security deposits for utility bill non-payment. 85
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NATIONAL MULTIPLE FAMILY SUBMETERIN
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CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES............
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Matched-Pair Analysis .............
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LIST OF TABLES Table ES.1.1 Breakdo
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Table 6.6 Elasticity values, analys
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Figure 4.30 RUBS water bill #6 ....
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investigated local water savings as
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We are grateful to the members of a
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quantitative aspects of separate bi
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3. Owner/postcard survey: To identi
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"averages" of impact property water
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in-rent properties, others used the
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of these models included the billin
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70 Average Annual Water Use Per Uni
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COSTS AND BENEFITS Beyond quantifyi
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service charge, then the resident w
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Billing Method Efficient Fixtures?
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70 Avg. Water Use per MF Unit (kgal
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REGULATORY FRAMEWORK REVIEW The fra
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Table ES.1.12 NSUAA Summary of Stat
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above, the researchers offer the fo
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service is preferable, and would he
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practices (BMPs) should be implemen
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infrastructure of the building and
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multi-family housing. The transfer
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODU CTION More and mo
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In 1998, 15.0%, or 15.4 million, of
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TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS OF BILL
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submetering. With utility-submeteri
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all the two bedroom units for $20 p
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HOW TO USE THIS REPORT This report
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CHAPTER 2 LITERAT URE REVIEW As the
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A review of the literature unearthe
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The price elasticity of water deman
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expected. Additionally, McClelland
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submetered and five control (in-ren
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Another study might want to target
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CHAPTER 3 RESEARC H METHODS, APPROA
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1. Selection of participating study
Page 85 and 86: STUDY SITE SELECTION The Study aime
Page 87 and 88: Figure 3.2 National Multiple Family
Page 89 and 90: Matched pair protocol/survey - conf
Page 91 and 92: information given the available bud
Page 93 and 94: survey. Service companies that prov
Page 95 and 96: in “business to business” calli
Page 97 and 98: MATCHED PAIR SAMPLE The purpose of
Page 99 and 100: The second part of the visit requir
Page 101 and 102: epresentative of a known population
Page 103 and 104: 51 Table 3.7 Postcard survey statis
Page 105 and 106: Table 3.8 Comparison of annual wate
Page 107 and 108: postcard survey. Nevertheless, exam
Page 109 and 110: confidence interval ranged from 49.
Page 111 and 112: particular property (e.g., the mont
Page 113 and 114: State PUC officials - water commiss
Page 115: 10. The PROPID number appearing on
Page 118 and 119: These costs represent the commodity
Page 120 and 121: The postcard survey provided inform
Page 122 and 123: Table 4.4 Average number of units f
Page 124 and 125: Two-thirds of the properties that r
Page 126 and 127: Percent of Surveyed Properties with
Page 128 and 129: $700 Average Rent Per Bedroom ($) $
Page 130 and 131: Percent of Surveyed Properties with
Page 132 and 133: Impact properties were also more li
Page 134 and 135: Table 4.8 Issues considered before
Page 138 and 139: 60% Percent of Surveyed Properties
Page 140 and 141: From the visits, it was found that
Page 142 and 143: 100% Percent of Surveyed Residents
Page 144 and 145: Roughly similar proportions of resi
Page 146 and 147: inserts for toilets (21%) or low-fl
Page 148 and 149: proportion were unsure, 37% from su
Page 150 and 151: Table 4.18 Ownership and rental rat
Page 152 and 153: Figure 4.17 Submeter water bill #1
Page 158 and 159: wastewater rates are not shown so t
Page 160 and 161: Figure 4.23 Hot water hybrid water
Page 162 and 163: RUBS Sample Bills Seven sample RUBS
Page 164 and 165: wastewater rates are not shown so t
Page 166 and 167: Figure 4.28 RUBS water bill #4 from
Page 168 and 169: Figure 4.30 RUBS water bill #6 RUBS
Page 170 and 171: directly to and then paid by the th
Page 172 and 173: never subtracting for common area w
Page 174 and 175: Late Fees At the start of water bil
Page 176 and 177: 124
Page 178 and 179: intuitively clear, and matches comm
Page 180 and 181: Indoor water use was normalized on
Page 182 and 183: Table 5.3 Summarized water use anal
Page 184 and 185: easonable assumption since there is
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Figure 5.1 shows the frequency dist
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40 Difference in Annual Water Use p
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after 1995. By including only those
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Table 5.11 Statistical tests compar
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Factors that Influence Water Use Th
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Table 5.12 Association of categoric
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Indoor Water Use per Unit in 2001 I
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Table 5.13 Continuous factors from
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Multivariate Models to Determine Im
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properties built before 1995 were c
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A = Beta coefficient for “Propert
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substantially reduces the sample si
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Table 5.17 Model #2 coefficients an
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0.00 indicating that whatever fit d
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commodity charge for water and wast
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properties having generally lower w
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110 Average Annual Water Use Per Un
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analysis, intended to control best
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Table 5.27 Paired samples test, all
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Table 5.30 Estimated water use befo
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Table 5.33 Comparison of water savi
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180
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sector only reduced usage by 18% (A
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Table 6.1 Avoided costs from submet
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submetered. Complete responses of c
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included in this cost/benefit analy
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Table 6.3 Cost and benefit for owne
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Perceived Concerns In the resident
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With a service fee, residents could
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Table 6.4 Economic return for a res
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ANALYSIS OF PRICE ELASTICITIES Econ
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concluded that if a single elastici
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esults from this analysis point to
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over which they have control than d
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According to the basic consumer cho
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The consumer choice problem can be
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210
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water systems from compliance with
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and methods of practice. NIST publi
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Table 7.1 NSUAA Summary of State Re
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New Surveys of State Agencies and W
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the AWWA WaterStats 1999 database.
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Measures, which dispatches a public
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Mississippi, Missouri, Pennsylvania
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226 Table 7.6 Summary of utility re
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DISCUSSION - KEY EXAMPLES OF STATE
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ill. Condominium associations are g
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under construction after January 1,
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Weights and Measures Regulation In
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from the submetering. Meter testing
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clean and decent housing or the lac
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240
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NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE F
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complaints in all 50 states and app
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- Meters must demonstrate in testin
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- Plumbing systems are space constr
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(2) Twisted or kinked flex supply l
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252
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Estimated Water Use By Different Bi
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there are clear benefits to these s
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study site. These values were then
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immediately strengthens the owner's
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among the nation's key strategies f
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all repair and replacement decision
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These findings underscore the obser
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varies with volume of use) for mult
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Recommendation 6 - Efficient plumbi
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financially responsible for their o
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individual unit, the volume allocat
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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARC
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Fixed rates - Part of a master mete
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Total-capture submetering - a type
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282
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Corral, L.R. 1997. Price and Non-Pr
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McClelland, L. 1980. Encouraging En
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Young, C.E., K.R. Kinsley and W.E.
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