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Table 5.27 Paired samples test, all converted properties Paired Differences Estimated Annual Water Use per Unit Prior to Conversion - Estimated Annual Water Use per Unit After Conversion Mean Difference Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean t df P- value 4.350 15.902 2.345 1.856 45 0.070 Water savings were also examined by type of billing to which the properties converted. For submetering, the sample size was quite small (6 properties). The small sample size is not particularly surprising, since it often expensive to retrofit a property with submeters, and is more common in new construction. For converted submetered properties, water savings of about 17.5 kgal per unit per year were observed (see Table 5.28). Table 5.29 shows that the differences from pre-conversion to post-conversion are statistically significant at the 94% confidence level. In addition, given the small sample size, the 95% confidence interval is quite wide around the submetering conversion water savings estimate, ranging from –36.1 to +1.1 kgal per unit per year. This is shown in comparison to all of the converted properties and the RUBS properties in Figure 5.19. Table 5.28 Estimated water use before and after conversion, submetered properties Std. Mean Deviation Estimated Annual Water Use per Unit Prior to Conversion 68.21 34.24 Estimated Annual Water Use per Unit After Conversion 50.71 20.38 Change in Estimated Annual Water Use Before and After Conversion -17.50 17.67 Percent of Properties That Decreased Annual Water Use per Unit 83.33% Percent of Properties That Did Not Change Annual Water Use per Unit .00% Percent of Properties That Increased Annual Water Use per Unit 16.67% 174
Table 5.29 Paired samples test, submetered converted properties Paired Differences Estimated Annual Water Use per Unit Prior to Conversion - Estimated Annual Water Use per Unit After Conversion Mean Difference Std. Deviation Std. Error Mean t df P- value 17.500 17.675 7.216 2.425 5 0.060 40 Difference in Annual Water Use per Unit Pre and Post Conversion (kgal) 30 20 10 0 -10 -20 -30 -4.35 -17.50 -2.48 -40 All Properties N=46 Submetered N=6 RUBS N=39 Figure 5.19 Difference in average annual water use, pre- and post-conversion Differences among properties who converted to RUBS were also looked at separately. This sample size was larger (39 properties), which is not surprising since retrofitting a property with a RUBS system requires very few up front costs and does not require any plumbing modifications. Among these properties, savings averaged 2.5 kgal per unit per year, but were not found to be statistically significant (see Table 5.30 and Table 5.31). 175
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NATIONAL MULTIPLE FAMILY SUBMETERIN
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CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES............
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Matched-Pair Analysis .............
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LIST OF TABLES Table ES.1.1 Breakdo
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Table 6.6 Elasticity values, analys
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Figure 4.30 RUBS water bill #6 ....
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investigated local water savings as
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We are grateful to the members of a
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quantitative aspects of separate bi
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3. Owner/postcard survey: To identi
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"averages" of impact property water
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in-rent properties, others used the
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of these models included the billin
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70 Average Annual Water Use Per Uni
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COSTS AND BENEFITS Beyond quantifyi
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service charge, then the resident w
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Billing Method Efficient Fixtures?
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70 Avg. Water Use per MF Unit (kgal
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REGULATORY FRAMEWORK REVIEW The fra
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Table ES.1.12 NSUAA Summary of Stat
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above, the researchers offer the fo
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service is preferable, and would he
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practices (BMPs) should be implemen
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infrastructure of the building and
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multi-family housing. The transfer
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODU CTION More and mo
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In 1998, 15.0%, or 15.4 million, of
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TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS OF BILL
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submetering. With utility-submeteri
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all the two bedroom units for $20 p
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HOW TO USE THIS REPORT This report
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CHAPTER 2 LITERAT URE REVIEW As the
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A review of the literature unearthe
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The price elasticity of water deman
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expected. Additionally, McClelland
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submetered and five control (in-ren
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Another study might want to target
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CHAPTER 3 RESEARC H METHODS, APPROA
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1. Selection of participating study
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STUDY SITE SELECTION The Study aime
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Figure 3.2 National Multiple Family
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Matched pair protocol/survey - conf
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information given the available bud
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survey. Service companies that prov
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in “business to business” calli
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MATCHED PAIR SAMPLE The purpose of
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The second part of the visit requir
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epresentative of a known population
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51 Table 3.7 Postcard survey statis
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Table 3.8 Comparison of annual wate
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postcard survey. Nevertheless, exam
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confidence interval ranged from 49.
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particular property (e.g., the mont
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State PUC officials - water commiss
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10. The PROPID number appearing on
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These costs represent the commodity
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The postcard survey provided inform
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Table 4.4 Average number of units f
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Two-thirds of the properties that r
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Percent of Surveyed Properties with
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$700 Average Rent Per Bedroom ($) $
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Percent of Surveyed Properties with
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Impact properties were also more li
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Table 4.8 Issues considered before
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Percent of Surveyed Impact Properti
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60% Percent of Surveyed Properties
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From the visits, it was found that
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100% Percent of Surveyed Residents
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Roughly similar proportions of resi
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inserts for toilets (21%) or low-fl
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proportion were unsure, 37% from su
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Table 4.18 Ownership and rental rat
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Figure 4.17 Submeter water bill #1
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wastewater rates are not shown so t
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Figure 4.23 Hot water hybrid water
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RUBS Sample Bills Seven sample RUBS
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wastewater rates are not shown so t
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Figure 4.28 RUBS water bill #4 from
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Figure 4.30 RUBS water bill #6 RUBS
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directly to and then paid by the th
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never subtracting for common area w
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Late Fees At the start of water bil
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Page 178 and 179: intuitively clear, and matches comm
Page 180 and 181: Indoor water use was normalized on
Page 182 and 183: Table 5.3 Summarized water use anal
Page 184 and 185: easonable assumption since there is
Page 186 and 187: Figure 5.1 shows the frequency dist
Page 188 and 189: 40 Difference in Annual Water Use p
Page 190 and 191: after 1995. By including only those
Page 192 and 193: 70 Average Annual Water Use Per Uni
Page 194 and 195: Table 5.11 Statistical tests compar
Page 196 and 197: Factors that Influence Water Use Th
Page 198 and 199: Table 5.12 Association of categoric
Page 200 and 201: Indoor Water Use per Unit in 2001 I
Page 202 and 203: Table 5.13 Continuous factors from
Page 204 and 205: Multivariate Models to Determine Im
Page 206 and 207: properties built before 1995 were c
Page 208 and 209: 70 Average Annual Water Use Per Uni
Page 210 and 211: A = Beta coefficient for “Propert
Page 212 and 213: substantially reduces the sample si
Page 214 and 215: Table 5.17 Model #2 coefficients an
Page 216 and 217: 0.00 indicating that whatever fit d
Page 218 and 219: commodity charge for water and wast
Page 220 and 221: properties having generally lower w
Page 222 and 223: 110 Average Annual Water Use Per Un
Page 224 and 225: analysis, intended to control best
Page 228 and 229: Table 5.30 Estimated water use befo
Page 230 and 231: Table 5.33 Comparison of water savi
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Page 234 and 235: sector only reduced usage by 18% (A
Page 236 and 237: Table 6.1 Avoided costs from submet
Page 238 and 239: submetered. Complete responses of c
Page 240 and 241: included in this cost/benefit analy
Page 242 and 243: Table 6.3 Cost and benefit for owne
Page 244 and 245: Perceived Concerns In the resident
Page 246 and 247: With a service fee, residents could
Page 248 and 249: Table 6.4 Economic return for a res
Page 250 and 251: ANALYSIS OF PRICE ELASTICITIES Econ
Page 252 and 253: concluded that if a single elastici
Page 254 and 255: esults from this analysis point to
Page 256 and 257: over which they have control than d
Page 258 and 259: According to the basic consumer cho
Page 260 and 261: The consumer choice problem can be
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Page 264 and 265: water systems from compliance with
Page 266 and 267: and methods of practice. NIST publi
Page 268 and 269: Table 7.1 NSUAA Summary of State Re
Page 270 and 271: New Surveys of State Agencies and W
Page 272 and 273: the AWWA WaterStats 1999 database.
Page 274 and 275: Measures, which dispatches a public
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Mississippi, Missouri, Pennsylvania
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226 Table 7.6 Summary of utility re
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DISCUSSION - KEY EXAMPLES OF STATE
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ill. Condominium associations are g
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under construction after January 1,
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Weights and Measures Regulation In
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from the submetering. Meter testing
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clean and decent housing or the lac
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240
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NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE F
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complaints in all 50 states and app
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- Meters must demonstrate in testin
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- Plumbing systems are space constr
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(2) Twisted or kinked flex supply l
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252
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Estimated Water Use By Different Bi
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there are clear benefits to these s
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study site. These values were then
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immediately strengthens the owner's
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among the nation's key strategies f
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all repair and replacement decision
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These findings underscore the obser
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varies with volume of use) for mult
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Recommendation 6 - Efficient plumbi
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financially responsible for their o
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individual unit, the volume allocat
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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARC
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Fixed rates - Part of a master mete
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Total-capture submetering - a type
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282
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Corral, L.R. 1997. Price and Non-Pr
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McClelland, L. 1980. Encouraging En
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Young, C.E., K.R. Kinsley and W.E.
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