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information, the next step was to randomly select residents to receive the resident survey. Dwelling unit addresses were chosen at random from the building unit ranges provided by the manager survey. A drawing was also held to award a cash prize of $500 to a randomly selected respondent. A copy of the resident survey can be found in Appendix A. The resident survey was implemented in two waves with survey instruments sent to the entire sample frame twice. A total of 15,697 units were selected for the survey, with a goal of having about 3,000 (20%) completed questionnaires for analysis. The response overall response rate was 16.4%. The lowest response rate was in Indianapolis (5.5%) and the highest response rate was in Portland (27.2%). See Table 3.5 for detailed information on the resident survey response rate. Utility Sample Frame Table 3.5 Resident survey response rate Undeliverables Total delivered surveys Total usable completed surveys Response rate* San Antonio 2,325 na 2,325 313 13.5% Tucson 1,821 315 1,506 253 16.8% Phoenix 1,070 160 911 163 17.9% Oakland 39 0 39 10 25.6% Denver 1,431 185 1,247 194 15.6% Portland 1,013 179 834 227 27.2% Austin 2,793 na 2,793 383 13.7% Indianapolis 80 25 55 3 5.5% Irvine 1,201 73 1,129 231 20.5% Las Vegas 665 3 663 82 12.4% Seattle 1,393 212 1,181 149 12.6% Hillsborough County 637 108 529 78 14.7% San Diego 1,229 107 1,122 259 23.1% TOTAL 15,697 1,365 14,332 2,345 16.4% *Response rate calculated from delivered surveys and usable responses 44
MATCHED PAIR SAMPLE The purpose of the site visits/matched pair analysis was to look closely at a small sample of in-rent and impact 19 properties that have similar characteristics. Properties with similar characteristics offer a unique opportunity for comparing water use between in-rent and impact properties, essentially controlling for property differences through the matched pair selection. Years of experience with survey research have taught water conservation professionals that selfreported information about water using fixtures like toilets, showerheads, and faucets is often inaccurate. The site visits were designed to confirm critical information from the manager survey and fill in additional details as well as information that had gone missing. Most importantly, the site visits were used to identify first hand the type of water using fixtures found at the site. The research plan called for the selection of a matched pair sample from the manager survey respondents. Although the original plan called only for “pairs” consisting of one impact to one in-rent, the project’s statistical consultants agreed that if a “triad” could be matched, a submetered and a RUBS property could be matched with the same in-rent property. Matched Property Selection Within each city, pairs or triads were selected to “match” as many critical variables as possible (based upon the responses of the manager survey). The key variables considered in the selection process were: year of construction, number of units on the property, average number of bedrooms per unit, average rent per unit, whether or not their were hook-ups for washing machines in the units, whether or not the toilets had been replaced, and whether or not the property was a senior citizen community. The matches were limited to properties classified as private rentals (mostly apartments), but a few privately owned residences (such as condominiums) were included out of necessity. In addition, in order to be included in a matched pair, impacted properties had to have converted to their current billing system by 2001 or earlier. Any government subsidized housing or mobile home parks were excluded. The researchers were blind to water use estimates for the properties during the matched property selection process. Given the relatively small number of impacted properties within each city, it was difficult to 19 Impact properties – multi-family properties billing separately for water and/or wastewater services using RUBS, submetering, hot water hybrid, or other methods. 45
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NATIONAL MULTIPLE FAMILY SUBMETERIN
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CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES............
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Matched-Pair Analysis .............
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LIST OF TABLES Table ES.1.1 Breakdo
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Table 6.6 Elasticity values, analys
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Figure 4.30 RUBS water bill #6 ....
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investigated local water savings as
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We are grateful to the members of a
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quantitative aspects of separate bi
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3. Owner/postcard survey: To identi
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"averages" of impact property water
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in-rent properties, others used the
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of these models included the billin
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70 Average Annual Water Use Per Uni
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COSTS AND BENEFITS Beyond quantifyi
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service charge, then the resident w
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Billing Method Efficient Fixtures?
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70 Avg. Water Use per MF Unit (kgal
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REGULATORY FRAMEWORK REVIEW The fra
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Table ES.1.12 NSUAA Summary of Stat
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above, the researchers offer the fo
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service is preferable, and would he
Page 46 and 47: practices (BMPs) should be implemen
Page 48 and 49: infrastructure of the building and
Page 50: multi-family housing. The transfer
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 1 INTRODU CTION More and mo
Page 55 and 56: In 1998, 15.0%, or 15.4 million, of
Page 57 and 58: TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS OF BILL
Page 59 and 60: submetering. With utility-submeteri
Page 61 and 62: all the two bedroom units for $20 p
Page 63 and 64: HOW TO USE THIS REPORT This report
Page 67 and 68: CHAPTER 2 LITERAT URE REVIEW As the
Page 69 and 70: A review of the literature unearthe
Page 71 and 72: The price elasticity of water deman
Page 73 and 74: expected. Additionally, McClelland
Page 75 and 76: submetered and five control (in-ren
Page 77 and 78: Another study might want to target
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER 3 RESEARC H METHODS, APPROA
Page 83 and 84: 1. Selection of participating study
Page 85 and 86: STUDY SITE SELECTION The Study aime
Page 87 and 88: Figure 3.2 National Multiple Family
Page 89 and 90: Matched pair protocol/survey - conf
Page 91 and 92: information given the available bud
Page 93 and 94: survey. Service companies that prov
Page 95: in “business to business” calli
Page 99 and 100: The second part of the visit requir
Page 101 and 102: epresentative of a known population
Page 103 and 104: 51 Table 3.7 Postcard survey statis
Page 105 and 106: Table 3.8 Comparison of annual wate
Page 107 and 108: postcard survey. Nevertheless, exam
Page 109 and 110: confidence interval ranged from 49.
Page 111 and 112: particular property (e.g., the mont
Page 113 and 114: State PUC officials - water commiss
Page 115: 10. The PROPID number appearing on
Page 118 and 119: These costs represent the commodity
Page 120 and 121: The postcard survey provided inform
Page 122 and 123: Table 4.4 Average number of units f
Page 124 and 125: Two-thirds of the properties that r
Page 126 and 127: Percent of Surveyed Properties with
Page 128 and 129: $700 Average Rent Per Bedroom ($) $
Page 130 and 131: Percent of Surveyed Properties with
Page 132 and 133: Impact properties were also more li
Page 134 and 135: Table 4.8 Issues considered before
Page 136 and 137: Percent of Surveyed Impact Properti
Page 138 and 139: 60% Percent of Surveyed Properties
Page 140 and 141: From the visits, it was found that
Page 142 and 143: 100% Percent of Surveyed Residents
Page 144 and 145: Roughly similar proportions of resi
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inserts for toilets (21%) or low-fl
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proportion were unsure, 37% from su
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Table 4.18 Ownership and rental rat
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Figure 4.17 Submeter water bill #1
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wastewater rates are not shown so t
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Figure 4.23 Hot water hybrid water
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RUBS Sample Bills Seven sample RUBS
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wastewater rates are not shown so t
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Figure 4.28 RUBS water bill #4 from
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Figure 4.30 RUBS water bill #6 RUBS
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directly to and then paid by the th
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never subtracting for common area w
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Late Fees At the start of water bil
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124
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intuitively clear, and matches comm
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Indoor water use was normalized on
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Table 5.3 Summarized water use anal
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easonable assumption since there is
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Figure 5.1 shows the frequency dist
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40 Difference in Annual Water Use p
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after 1995. By including only those
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Table 5.11 Statistical tests compar
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Factors that Influence Water Use Th
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Table 5.12 Association of categoric
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Indoor Water Use per Unit in 2001 I
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Table 5.13 Continuous factors from
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Multivariate Models to Determine Im
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properties built before 1995 were c
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A = Beta coefficient for “Propert
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substantially reduces the sample si
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Table 5.17 Model #2 coefficients an
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0.00 indicating that whatever fit d
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commodity charge for water and wast
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properties having generally lower w
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110 Average Annual Water Use Per Un
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analysis, intended to control best
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Table 5.27 Paired samples test, all
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Table 5.30 Estimated water use befo
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Table 5.33 Comparison of water savi
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180
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sector only reduced usage by 18% (A
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Table 6.1 Avoided costs from submet
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submetered. Complete responses of c
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included in this cost/benefit analy
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Table 6.3 Cost and benefit for owne
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Perceived Concerns In the resident
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With a service fee, residents could
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Table 6.4 Economic return for a res
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ANALYSIS OF PRICE ELASTICITIES Econ
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concluded that if a single elastici
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esults from this analysis point to
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over which they have control than d
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According to the basic consumer cho
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The consumer choice problem can be
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210
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water systems from compliance with
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and methods of practice. NIST publi
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Table 7.1 NSUAA Summary of State Re
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New Surveys of State Agencies and W
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the AWWA WaterStats 1999 database.
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Measures, which dispatches a public
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Mississippi, Missouri, Pennsylvania
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226 Table 7.6 Summary of utility re
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DISCUSSION - KEY EXAMPLES OF STATE
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ill. Condominium associations are g
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under construction after January 1,
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Weights and Measures Regulation In
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from the submetering. Meter testing
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clean and decent housing or the lac
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240
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NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE F
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complaints in all 50 states and app
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- Meters must demonstrate in testin
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- Plumbing systems are space constr
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(2) Twisted or kinked flex supply l
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252
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Estimated Water Use By Different Bi
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there are clear benefits to these s
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study site. These values were then
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immediately strengthens the owner's
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among the nation's key strategies f
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all repair and replacement decision
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These findings underscore the obser
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varies with volume of use) for mult
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Recommendation 6 - Efficient plumbi
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financially responsible for their o
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individual unit, the volume allocat
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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARC
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Fixed rates - Part of a master mete
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Total-capture submetering - a type
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282
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Corral, L.R. 1997. Price and Non-Pr
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McClelland, L. 1980. Encouraging En
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Young, C.E., K.R. Kinsley and W.E.
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