national multiple family submetering and allocation billing program ...

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Fixed rates – Part of a master metered or resident utility bill that is not affected by consumption. HCF – Hundred cubic feet. Typical unit of measure for water used by utilities. HOA – Homeowners association Hot water hybrid - The practice of estimating a resident’s total water usage based on metered hot water usage. Hot water ratio billing – The practice of estimating a resident’s total water usage based on metered hot water usage. Impact properties – Multi-family properties that are using a billing method when residents receive a regular bill determined by a system such as submetering, RUBS, or hot water hybrid, etc. In-rent properties – Multi-family properties that do not separately bill residents for water and/or wastewater, rather these costs are recovered as part of the monthly rent. Individual metering –The installation of meters for each individual dwelling unit as well as separate common area metering with the local water utility providing customer read, bill and collect services. kgal – Kilo-gallons or thousands of gallons. Typical unit of measure for water used by utilities. Equal to 748 cubic feet or 0.748 CCF. Low flow detector – A part of a meter register that indicates any flow through the meter. Also, called a Leak Indicator. Master metered - When a single meter measures utility usage for an entire property, or an entire building, which usually includes common areas. Meter – A device that measures utility usage. Meter register – Mechanical device (sometimes used synonymously with the term “Face”) that uses a system of gear reductions to integrate the rotation of the moving element of a meter’s measuring chamber into numerical units. MIU – Meter Interface Unit. A device that translates meter data prior to transmission to a receiver. Also known as a Telemetry Interface Unit. Multiple linear regression – Multiple regression is a method of determining the relationship between several independent or predictor variables and a dependent variable. The dependent variable must be a continuous variable. N – Number. The number of cases from which a summary statistic or analysis is derived. In this Study, it usually refers to a number of properties or a number of resident respondents. 278
NIST – National Institute of Standards and Technology P-value – The probability value of a statistical hypothesis test; the probability of getting a value of the test statistic as extreme or more extreme than that observed by chance alone, if the null hypothesis is true. PAC – Project advisory committee Partial-capture submetering – a type of submetering where only a portion of the total water consumption in each unit is measured. Pass through percentage – The amount of the master metered utility bill allocated to residents. Also see “Common Area Deduction.” POC – Project oversight committee Point-of-use (POU) meter – A meter that measures water flow at the actual usage point, such as a faucet or toilet. Pressure testing – Subjecting a full water system to maximum normal pressure (or normal pressure plus a safety factor) against a closed downstream shut-off. PUC – Public Utilities Commission Receiver – In a Radio Frequency (RF) based AMR system, the device that receives the meter data transmissions for the central data collection device. Repeater – In a Radio Frequency (RF) based AMR system, the device that receives and amplifies the meter RF signals in order to transmit them to the Receiver. RBC – An acronym that stands for Read, Bill and Collect. RF - An acronym that stands for Radio Frequency. RUBS - An acronym that stands for both Ratio Utility Billing System, which is a calculation method that uses a compensation factor to allocate utility costs among users, as well as for Residential Utility Billing System. Service provider – Generally used to describe either a submetering/billing service provider or a provider of utilities. Submetering – The practice of using meters to measure master-metered utility consumption by individual users. Also, see partial-capture submetering and total-capture submetering. Telemetry interface unit – A device that translates meter data prior to transmission to a receiver. Also known as a Meter Interface Unit (see MIU.) 279
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NATIONAL MULTIPLE FAMILY SUBMETERIN
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CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES............
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Matched-Pair Analysis .............
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LIST OF TABLES Table ES.1.1 Breakdo
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Table 6.6 Elasticity values, analys
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Figure 4.30 RUBS water bill #6 ....
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investigated local water savings as
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We are grateful to the members of a
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quantitative aspects of separate bi
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3. Owner/postcard survey: To identi
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"averages" of impact property water
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in-rent properties, others used the
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of these models included the billin
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70 Average Annual Water Use Per Uni
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COSTS AND BENEFITS Beyond quantifyi
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service charge, then the resident w
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Billing Method Efficient Fixtures?
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70 Avg. Water Use per MF Unit (kgal
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REGULATORY FRAMEWORK REVIEW The fra
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Table ES.1.12 NSUAA Summary of Stat
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above, the researchers offer the fo
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service is preferable, and would he
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practices (BMPs) should be implemen
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infrastructure of the building and
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multi-family housing. The transfer
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CHAPTER 1 INTRODU CTION More and mo
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In 1998, 15.0%, or 15.4 million, of
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TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS OF BILL
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submetering. With utility-submeteri
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all the two bedroom units for $20 p
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HOW TO USE THIS REPORT This report
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CHAPTER 2 LITERAT URE REVIEW As the
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A review of the literature unearthe
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The price elasticity of water deman
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expected. Additionally, McClelland
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submetered and five control (in-ren
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Another study might want to target
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CHAPTER 3 RESEARC H METHODS, APPROA
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1. Selection of participating study
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STUDY SITE SELECTION The Study aime
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Figure 3.2 National Multiple Family
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Matched pair protocol/survey - conf
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information given the available bud
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survey. Service companies that prov
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in “business to business” calli
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MATCHED PAIR SAMPLE The purpose of
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The second part of the visit requir
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epresentative of a known population
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51 Table 3.7 Postcard survey statis
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Table 3.8 Comparison of annual wate
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postcard survey. Nevertheless, exam
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confidence interval ranged from 49.
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particular property (e.g., the mont
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State PUC officials - water commiss
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10. The PROPID number appearing on
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These costs represent the commodity
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The postcard survey provided inform
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Table 4.4 Average number of units f
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Two-thirds of the properties that r
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Percent of Surveyed Properties with
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$700 Average Rent Per Bedroom ($) $
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Percent of Surveyed Properties with
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Impact properties were also more li
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Table 4.8 Issues considered before
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Percent of Surveyed Impact Properti
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60% Percent of Surveyed Properties
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From the visits, it was found that
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100% Percent of Surveyed Residents
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Roughly similar proportions of resi
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inserts for toilets (21%) or low-fl
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proportion were unsure, 37% from su
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Table 4.18 Ownership and rental rat
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Figure 4.17 Submeter water bill #1
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wastewater rates are not shown so t
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Figure 4.23 Hot water hybrid water
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RUBS Sample Bills Seven sample RUBS
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wastewater rates are not shown so t
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Figure 4.28 RUBS water bill #4 from
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Figure 4.30 RUBS water bill #6 RUBS
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directly to and then paid by the th
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never subtracting for common area w
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Late Fees At the start of water bil
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124
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intuitively clear, and matches comm
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Indoor water use was normalized on
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Table 5.3 Summarized water use anal
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easonable assumption since there is
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Figure 5.1 shows the frequency dist
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40 Difference in Annual Water Use p
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after 1995. By including only those
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Table 5.11 Statistical tests compar
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Factors that Influence Water Use Th
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Table 5.12 Association of categoric
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Indoor Water Use per Unit in 2001 I
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Table 5.13 Continuous factors from
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Multivariate Models to Determine Im
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properties built before 1995 were c
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A = Beta coefficient for “Propert
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substantially reduces the sample si
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Table 5.17 Model #2 coefficients an
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0.00 indicating that whatever fit d
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commodity charge for water and wast
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properties having generally lower w
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110 Average Annual Water Use Per Un
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analysis, intended to control best
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Table 5.27 Paired samples test, all
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Table 5.30 Estimated water use befo
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Table 5.33 Comparison of water savi
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180
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sector only reduced usage by 18% (A
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Table 6.1 Avoided costs from submet
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submetered. Complete responses of c
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included in this cost/benefit analy
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Table 6.3 Cost and benefit for owne
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Perceived Concerns In the resident
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With a service fee, residents could
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Table 6.4 Economic return for a res
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ANALYSIS OF PRICE ELASTICITIES Econ
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concluded that if a single elastici
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esults from this analysis point to
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over which they have control than d
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According to the basic consumer cho
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The consumer choice problem can be
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210
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water systems from compliance with
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and methods of practice. NIST publi
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Table 7.1 NSUAA Summary of State Re
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New Surveys of State Agencies and W
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the AWWA WaterStats 1999 database.
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Measures, which dispatches a public
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Mississippi, Missouri, Pennsylvania
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226 Table 7.6 Summary of utility re
Page 280 and 281: DISCUSSION - KEY EXAMPLES OF STATE
Page 282 and 283: ill. Condominium associations are g
Page 284 and 285: under construction after January 1,
Page 286 and 287: Weights and Measures Regulation In
Page 288 and 289: from the submetering. Meter testing
Page 290 and 291: clean and decent housing or the lac
Page 292 and 293: 240
Page 294 and 295: NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE F
Page 296 and 297: complaints in all 50 states and app
Page 298 and 299: - Meters must demonstrate in testin
Page 300 and 301: - Plumbing systems are space constr
Page 302 and 303: (2) Twisted or kinked flex supply l
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Page 306 and 307: Estimated Water Use By Different Bi
Page 308 and 309: there are clear benefits to these s
Page 310 and 311: study site. These values were then
Page 312 and 313: immediately strengthens the owner's
Page 314 and 315: among the nation's key strategies f
Page 316 and 317: all repair and replacement decision
Page 318 and 319: These findings underscore the obser
Page 320 and 321: varies with volume of use) for mult
Page 322 and 323: Recommendation 6 - Efficient plumbi
Page 324 and 325: financially responsible for their o
Page 326 and 327: individual unit, the volume allocat
Page 328 and 329: RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARC
Page 332 and 333: Total-capture submetering - a type
Page 334 and 335: 282
Page 336 and 337: Corral, L.R. 1997. Price and Non-Pr
Page 338 and 339: McClelland, L. 1980. Encouraging En
Page 340: Young, C.E., K.R. Kinsley and W.E.
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