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Table ES.1.12 NSUAA Summary of State Regulatory Policies State Submetering Allowed? RUBS Allowed? Service Fees Allowed? Alabama Yes Yes Yes Alaska Yes Yes Yes Arizona Yes Yes Yes Arkansas Yes Yes Yes California Yes Yes Yes Colorado Yes Yes Yes Connecticut Yes Yes Yes Delaware Yes NO (only prior to 1996) Yes Florida Yes Varies by county Yes Georgia Yes Yes Yes Hawaii Yes Yes Yes Idaho Yes Yes Yes Illinois Yes Yes Yes Indiana Yes Unclear Yes Iowa Yes Yes Yes Kansas Yes Yes Yes Kentucky Yes Yes Yes Louisiana Unclear Yes Yes Maine Yes Yes Yes Maryland Yes Yes Yes Massachusetts NO (legislation pending) NO NO Michigan Yes Yes Yes Minnesota Yes Yes Yes Mississippi Yes NO NO Missouri Yes Yes Yes Montana Yes Yes Yes Nebraska Yes Yes Yes Nevada Yes Yes Yes New Hampshire Yes Yes Yes New Jersey Yes Yes Yes New Mexico Yes Yes Yes New York Yes Yes Yes North Carolina Yes NO Yes North Dakota Yes Yes Yes Ohio Yes Yes Yes Oklahoma Yes Yes Yes Oregon Yes Yes Yes Pennsylvania Yes Yes Yes Rhode Island Yes Yes Yes South Carolina Yes Yes Yes South Dakota Yes Yes Yes Tennessee Yes Yes Yes Texas Yes Yes NO Utah Yes Yes Yes Vermont Yes Yes Yes Virginia Yes Yes Yes Washington Yes Yes Yes West Virginia Yes Yes Yes Wisconsin Yes Yes Yes Wyoming Yes Yes Yes D.C. Yes Yes Yes Data developed by Marc Treitler and Brian Willie, Co-chairs of the Legislative and Regulatory Committee of the NSUAA. Information about the NSUAA can be found at . March 2004. xl
RECOMMENDATIONS Guiding Principles for Submetering and RUBS Billing Programs In light of the key findings and issues identified in this report, six principles are offered here to guide the development of policies to address separate billing systems for multi-family water and wastewater charges. 1. Submetering is a practice that offers documented water savings. As such, submetering should be fostered by public policies seeking to encourage water savings, together with appropriate measures to protect the consumer. 2. RUBS is a practice lacking statistically reliable water savings, while offering both similar and distinctive drawbacks compared with submetering. As such, RUBS implementation should be carefully bounded by public policy. 3. Any water and wastewater billing system – whether submetering, RUBS, or various hybrid systems – will reduce a multi-family property owner’s incentive to invest in inunit plumbing efficiency upgrades in pre-1995 structures. The initiation of any separate billing system in pre-1995 dwellings should be coupled with complete plumbing fixture upgrades within a specified time period. 4. The potential drinking water quality issues that may arise within the water systems of multi-family properties – such as backflow, cross-connection, metal uptake, and deterioration of buried distribution lines – should be approached with solutions that address all properties with comparable vulnerabilities, rather than narrowly focusing on properties that implement a water and wastewater billing program. 5. Best Management Practices for the billing of water and wastewater in multi-family housing should be implemented by the appropriate regulatory agency to ensure consumer protection for property owners and residents and to promote adoption of multi-family submetering. 6. Submetering equipment manufacturers, professional installers, third-party billing services, and owners should be held to reasonable standards of accuracy, reliability, and professional competence and conduct. Public Policy and Business Practices A transformation is taking place in the responsibility for water and wastewater service in multi-family properties across the United States. Consistent with the guiding principles outlined xli
Page 1 and 2: NATIONAL MULTIPLE FAMILY SUBMETERIN
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES............
Page 5 and 6: Matched-Pair Analysis .............
Page 7 and 8: LIST OF TABLES Table ES.1.1 Breakdo
Page 9: Table 6.6 Elasticity values, analys
Page 12 and 13: Figure 4.30 RUBS water bill #6 ....
Page 14 and 15: investigated local water savings as
Page 16 and 17: We are grateful to the members of a
Page 18 and 19: quantitative aspects of separate bi
Page 20 and 21: 3. Owner/postcard survey: To identi
Page 22 and 23: "averages" of impact property water
Page 24 and 25: in-rent properties, others used the
Page 26 and 27: of these models included the billin
Page 28 and 29: 70 Average Annual Water Use Per Uni
Page 30 and 31: COSTS AND BENEFITS Beyond quantifyi
Page 32 and 33: service charge, then the resident w
Page 34 and 35: Billing Method Efficient Fixtures?
Page 36 and 37: 70 Avg. Water Use per MF Unit (kgal
Page 38 and 39: REGULATORY FRAMEWORK REVIEW The fra
Page 42 and 43: above, the researchers offer the fo
Page 44 and 45: service is preferable, and would he
Page 46 and 47: practices (BMPs) should be implemen
Page 48 and 49: infrastructure of the building and
Page 50: multi-family housing. The transfer
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 1 INTRODU CTION More and mo
Page 55 and 56: In 1998, 15.0%, or 15.4 million, of
Page 57 and 58: TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS OF BILL
Page 59 and 60: submetering. With utility-submeteri
Page 61 and 62: all the two bedroom units for $20 p
Page 63 and 64: HOW TO USE THIS REPORT This report
Page 67 and 68: CHAPTER 2 LITERAT URE REVIEW As the
Page 69 and 70: A review of the literature unearthe
Page 71 and 72: The price elasticity of water deman
Page 73 and 74: expected. Additionally, McClelland
Page 75 and 76: submetered and five control (in-ren
Page 77 and 78: Another study might want to target
Page 81 and 82: CHAPTER 3 RESEARC H METHODS, APPROA
Page 83 and 84: 1. Selection of participating study
Page 85 and 86: STUDY SITE SELECTION The Study aime
Page 87 and 88: Figure 3.2 National Multiple Family
Page 89 and 90: Matched pair protocol/survey - conf
Page 91 and 92:
information given the available bud
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survey. Service companies that prov
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in “business to business” calli
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MATCHED PAIR SAMPLE The purpose of
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The second part of the visit requir
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epresentative of a known population
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51 Table 3.7 Postcard survey statis
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Table 3.8 Comparison of annual wate
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postcard survey. Nevertheless, exam
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confidence interval ranged from 49.
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particular property (e.g., the mont
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State PUC officials - water commiss
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10. The PROPID number appearing on
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These costs represent the commodity
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The postcard survey provided inform
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Table 4.4 Average number of units f
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Two-thirds of the properties that r
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Percent of Surveyed Properties with
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$700 Average Rent Per Bedroom ($) $
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Percent of Surveyed Properties with
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Impact properties were also more li
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Table 4.8 Issues considered before
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Percent of Surveyed Impact Properti
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60% Percent of Surveyed Properties
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From the visits, it was found that
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100% Percent of Surveyed Residents
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Roughly similar proportions of resi
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inserts for toilets (21%) or low-fl
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proportion were unsure, 37% from su
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Table 4.18 Ownership and rental rat
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Figure 4.17 Submeter water bill #1
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
wastewater rates are not shown so t
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Figure 4.23 Hot water hybrid water
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RUBS Sample Bills Seven sample RUBS
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wastewater rates are not shown so t
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Figure 4.28 RUBS water bill #4 from
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Figure 4.30 RUBS water bill #6 RUBS
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directly to and then paid by the th
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never subtracting for common area w
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Late Fees At the start of water bil
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124
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intuitively clear, and matches comm
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Indoor water use was normalized on
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Table 5.3 Summarized water use anal
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easonable assumption since there is
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Figure 5.1 shows the frequency dist
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40 Difference in Annual Water Use p
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after 1995. By including only those
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70 Average Annual Water Use Per Uni
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Table 5.11 Statistical tests compar
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Factors that Influence Water Use Th
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Table 5.12 Association of categoric
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Indoor Water Use per Unit in 2001 I
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Table 5.13 Continuous factors from
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Multivariate Models to Determine Im
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properties built before 1995 were c
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70 Average Annual Water Use Per Uni
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A = Beta coefficient for “Propert
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substantially reduces the sample si
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Table 5.17 Model #2 coefficients an
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0.00 indicating that whatever fit d
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commodity charge for water and wast
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properties having generally lower w
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110 Average Annual Water Use Per Un
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analysis, intended to control best
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Table 5.27 Paired samples test, all
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Table 5.30 Estimated water use befo
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Table 5.33 Comparison of water savi
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180
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sector only reduced usage by 18% (A
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Table 6.1 Avoided costs from submet
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submetered. Complete responses of c
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included in this cost/benefit analy
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Table 6.3 Cost and benefit for owne
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Perceived Concerns In the resident
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With a service fee, residents could
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Table 6.4 Economic return for a res
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ANALYSIS OF PRICE ELASTICITIES Econ
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concluded that if a single elastici
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esults from this analysis point to
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over which they have control than d
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According to the basic consumer cho
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The consumer choice problem can be
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210
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water systems from compliance with
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and methods of practice. NIST publi
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Table 7.1 NSUAA Summary of State Re
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New Surveys of State Agencies and W
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the AWWA WaterStats 1999 database.
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Measures, which dispatches a public
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Mississippi, Missouri, Pennsylvania
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226 Table 7.6 Summary of utility re
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DISCUSSION - KEY EXAMPLES OF STATE
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ill. Condominium associations are g
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under construction after January 1,
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Weights and Measures Regulation In
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from the submetering. Meter testing
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clean and decent housing or the lac
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240
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NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE F
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complaints in all 50 states and app
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- Meters must demonstrate in testin
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- Plumbing systems are space constr
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(2) Twisted or kinked flex supply l
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252
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Estimated Water Use By Different Bi
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there are clear benefits to these s
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study site. These values were then
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immediately strengthens the owner's
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among the nation's key strategies f
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all repair and replacement decision
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These findings underscore the obser
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varies with volume of use) for mult
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Recommendation 6 - Efficient plumbi
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financially responsible for their o
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individual unit, the volume allocat
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RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARC
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Fixed rates - Part of a master mete
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Total-capture submetering - a type
Page 334 and 335:
282
Page 336 and 337:
Corral, L.R. 1997. Price and Non-Pr
Page 338 and 339:
McClelland, L. 1980. Encouraging En
Page 340:
Young, C.E., K.R. Kinsley and W.E.
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