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Table 4.19 Rental costs by billing method, resident survey respondents ..................................... 98 Table 4.20 RUBS allocation methods......................................................................................... 120 Table 4.21 RUBS – common area/irrigation adjustment method............................................... 120 Table 4.22 Method for determining service charge.................................................................... 121 Table 4.23 Common customer complaints to billing companies................................................ 122 Table 5.1 Number of properties included in each analysis, by billing type................................ 127 Table 5.2 Summarized water use analysis results, submetering................................................. 129 Table 5.3 Summarized water use analysis results, RUBS .......................................................... 130 Table 5.4 Summarized water use analysis results, hot water hybrid .......................................... 130 Table 5.5 2001 and 2002 annual indoor per unit water use - postcard survey respondents ....... 133 Table 5.6 2001 and 2002 average annual indoor per unit water use - postcard respondents...... 133 Table 5.7 Statistical tests of postcard survey respondent properties: in-rent vs. impact ............ 135 Table 5.8 2001 and 2002 annual indoor per unit water use - manager survey respondents ....... 137 Table 5.9 2001 and 2002 average annual indoor per unit water use - manager respondents ..... 141 Table 5.10 Statistical tests of manager survey respondent properties: in-rent vs. properties..... 141 Table 5.11 Statistical tests comparing manager and postcard survey respondents’ water use... 142 Table 5.12 Association of categorical property characteristics with water use.......................... 146 Table 5.13 Continuous factors from manager survey and Pearson Correlation ......................... 150 Table 5.14 Model #1 summary statistics, coefficient of determination, and significance.......... 155 Table 5.15 Model #1 coefficients and significance of independent variables............................ 157 Table 5.16 Model #2 summary statistics, coefficient of determination, and significance.......... 160 Table 5.17 Model #2 coefficients and significance of independent variables............................ 162 Table 5.18 Model #3 summary statistics, coefficient of determination, and significance.......... 164 Table 5.19 Model #3 coefficients and significance of independent variables............................ 165 Table 5.20 Comparison of submetered to in-rent matched pair sample water use to postcard and manager survey sample ........................................................................................................ 168 Table 5.21 Comparison of RUBS to in-rent matched pair sample water use to postcard and manager survey sample ........................................................................................................ 168 Table 5.22 Average water use (kgal/unit/year), submetered/in-rent pairs.................................. 169 Table 5.23 Average water use (kgal/unit/year), RUBS/in-rent pairs.......................................... 169 Table 5.24 Average water use (kgal/unit/year) difference, submetered/in-rent pairs................. 171 Table 5.25 Average water use (kgal/unit/year) difference, RUBS/in-rent pairs......................... 171 Table 5.26 Estimated water use before and after conversion, all converted properties, N=46 .. 173 Table 5.27 Paired samples test, all converted properties............................................................ 174 Table 5.28 Estimated water use before and after conversion, submetered properties................ 174 Table 5.29 Paired samples test, submetered converted properties.............................................. 175 Table 5.30 Estimated water use before and after conversion, RUBS properties N=39.............. 176 Table 5.31 Paired samples test, RUBS properties ...................................................................... 176 Table 5.32 Comparison of sample size from multi-family billing program studies................... 177 Table 5.33 Comparison of water savings found in previous billing research studies................. 178 Table 6.1 Avoided costs from submetering, utility perspective ................................................. 184 Table 6.2 Cost and benefit per unit analysis for owners who chose to submeter....................... 189 Table 6.3 Cost and benefit for owners who choose to allocate ................................................. 190 Table 6.4 Economic return for a resident that lives in a property that converts from a flat HOA fee to submetered ................................................................................................................. 196 Table 6.5 Economic return for a resident that lives in a property that converts from in-rent to submetered ........................................................................................................................... 197 viii
Table 6.6 Elasticity values, analysis #1 (utility rates) ................................................................ 200 Table 6.7 Elasticity values, analysis #2 (submetering rates) ...................................................... 203 Table 6.8 Comparison of selected price and elasticity studies ................................................... 205 Table 7.1 NSUAA Summary of State Regulatory Policies ........................................................ 216 Table 7.2 South Carolina Survey Results ................................................................................... 217 Table 7.3 Response rate to state agency regulatory surveys....................................................... 219 Table 7.4 Water utility manager survey response rate................................................................ 220 Table 7.5 Survey responses from state Bureaus of Weights and Measures................................ 221 Table 7.6 Summary of utility regulatory survey results ............................................................. 226 Table 8.1 Comparison of testing issues ...................................................................................... 251 ix
Page 1 and 2: NATIONAL MULTIPLE FAMILY SUBMETERIN
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES............
Page 5 and 6: Matched-Pair Analysis .............
Page 7: LIST OF TABLES Table ES.1.1 Breakdo
Page 12 and 13: Figure 4.30 RUBS water bill #6 ....
Page 14 and 15: investigated local water savings as
Page 16 and 17: We are grateful to the members of a
Page 18 and 19: quantitative aspects of separate bi
Page 20 and 21: 3. Owner/postcard survey: To identi
Page 22 and 23: "averages" of impact property water
Page 24 and 25: in-rent properties, others used the
Page 26 and 27: of these models included the billin
Page 28 and 29: 70 Average Annual Water Use Per Uni
Page 30 and 31: COSTS AND BENEFITS Beyond quantifyi
Page 32 and 33: service charge, then the resident w
Page 34 and 35: Billing Method Efficient Fixtures?
Page 36 and 37: 70 Avg. Water Use per MF Unit (kgal
Page 38 and 39: REGULATORY FRAMEWORK REVIEW The fra
Page 40 and 41: Table ES.1.12 NSUAA Summary of Stat
Page 42 and 43: above, the researchers offer the fo
Page 44 and 45: service is preferable, and would he
Page 46 and 47: practices (BMPs) should be implemen
Page 48 and 49: infrastructure of the building and
Page 50: multi-family housing. The transfer
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 1 INTRODU CTION More and mo
Page 55 and 56: In 1998, 15.0%, or 15.4 million, of
Page 57 and 58: TERMINOLOGY AND DEFINITIONS OF BILL
Page 59 and 60:
submetering. With utility-submeteri
Page 61 and 62:
all the two bedroom units for $20 p
Page 63 and 64:
HOW TO USE THIS REPORT This report
Page 67 and 68:
CHAPTER 2 LITERAT URE REVIEW As the
Page 69 and 70:
A review of the literature unearthe
Page 71 and 72:
The price elasticity of water deman
Page 73 and 74:
expected. Additionally, McClelland
Page 75 and 76:
submetered and five control (in-ren
Page 77 and 78:
Another study might want to target
Page 81 and 82:
CHAPTER 3 RESEARC H METHODS, APPROA
Page 83 and 84:
1. Selection of participating study
Page 85 and 86:
STUDY SITE SELECTION The Study aime
Page 87 and 88:
Figure 3.2 National Multiple Family
Page 89 and 90:
Matched pair protocol/survey - conf
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information given the available bud
Page 93 and 94:
survey. Service companies that prov
Page 95 and 96:
in “business to business” calli
Page 97 and 98:
MATCHED PAIR SAMPLE The purpose of
Page 99 and 100:
The second part of the visit requir
Page 101 and 102:
epresentative of a known population
Page 103 and 104:
51 Table 3.7 Postcard survey statis
Page 105 and 106:
Table 3.8 Comparison of annual wate
Page 107 and 108:
postcard survey. Nevertheless, exam
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confidence interval ranged from 49.
Page 111 and 112:
particular property (e.g., the mont
Page 113 and 114:
State PUC officials - water commiss
Page 115:
10. The PROPID number appearing on
Page 118 and 119:
These costs represent the commodity
Page 120 and 121:
The postcard survey provided inform
Page 122 and 123:
Table 4.4 Average number of units f
Page 124 and 125:
Two-thirds of the properties that r
Page 126 and 127:
Percent of Surveyed Properties with
Page 128 and 129:
$700 Average Rent Per Bedroom ($) $
Page 130 and 131:
Percent of Surveyed Properties with
Page 132 and 133:
Impact properties were also more li
Page 134 and 135:
Table 4.8 Issues considered before
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Percent of Surveyed Impact Properti
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60% Percent of Surveyed Properties
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From the visits, it was found that
Page 142 and 143:
100% Percent of Surveyed Residents
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Roughly similar proportions of resi
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inserts for toilets (21%) or low-fl
Page 148 and 149:
proportion were unsure, 37% from su
Page 150 and 151:
Table 4.18 Ownership and rental rat
Page 152 and 153:
Figure 4.17 Submeter water bill #1
Page 154 and 155:
Page 156 and 157:
Page 158 and 159:
wastewater rates are not shown so t
Page 160 and 161:
Figure 4.23 Hot water hybrid water
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RUBS Sample Bills Seven sample RUBS
Page 164 and 165:
wastewater rates are not shown so t
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Figure 4.28 RUBS water bill #4 from
Page 168 and 169:
Figure 4.30 RUBS water bill #6 RUBS
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directly to and then paid by the th
Page 172 and 173:
never subtracting for common area w
Page 174 and 175:
Late Fees At the start of water bil
Page 176 and 177:
124
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intuitively clear, and matches comm
Page 180 and 181:
Indoor water use was normalized on
Page 182 and 183:
Table 5.3 Summarized water use anal
Page 184 and 185:
easonable assumption since there is
Page 186 and 187:
Figure 5.1 shows the frequency dist
Page 188 and 189:
40 Difference in Annual Water Use p
Page 190 and 191:
after 1995. By including only those
Page 192 and 193:
70 Average Annual Water Use Per Uni
Page 194 and 195:
Table 5.11 Statistical tests compar
Page 196 and 197:
Factors that Influence Water Use Th
Page 198 and 199:
Table 5.12 Association of categoric
Page 200 and 201:
Indoor Water Use per Unit in 2001 I
Page 202 and 203:
Table 5.13 Continuous factors from
Page 204 and 205:
Multivariate Models to Determine Im
Page 206 and 207:
properties built before 1995 were c
Page 208 and 209:
70 Average Annual Water Use Per Uni
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A = Beta coefficient for “Propert
Page 212 and 213:
substantially reduces the sample si
Page 214 and 215:
Table 5.17 Model #2 coefficients an
Page 216 and 217:
0.00 indicating that whatever fit d
Page 218 and 219:
commodity charge for water and wast
Page 220 and 221:
properties having generally lower w
Page 222 and 223:
110 Average Annual Water Use Per Un
Page 224 and 225:
analysis, intended to control best
Page 226 and 227:
Table 5.27 Paired samples test, all
Page 228 and 229:
Table 5.30 Estimated water use befo
Page 230 and 231:
Table 5.33 Comparison of water savi
Page 232 and 233:
180
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sector only reduced usage by 18% (A
Page 236 and 237:
Table 6.1 Avoided costs from submet
Page 238 and 239:
submetered. Complete responses of c
Page 240 and 241:
included in this cost/benefit analy
Page 242 and 243:
Table 6.3 Cost and benefit for owne
Page 244 and 245:
Perceived Concerns In the resident
Page 246 and 247:
With a service fee, residents could
Page 248 and 249:
Table 6.4 Economic return for a res
Page 250 and 251:
ANALYSIS OF PRICE ELASTICITIES Econ
Page 252 and 253:
concluded that if a single elastici
Page 254 and 255:
esults from this analysis point to
Page 256 and 257:
over which they have control than d
Page 258 and 259:
According to the basic consumer cho
Page 260 and 261:
The consumer choice problem can be
Page 262 and 263:
210
Page 264 and 265:
water systems from compliance with
Page 266 and 267:
and methods of practice. NIST publi
Page 268 and 269:
Table 7.1 NSUAA Summary of State Re
Page 270 and 271:
New Surveys of State Agencies and W
Page 272 and 273:
the AWWA WaterStats 1999 database.
Page 274 and 275:
Measures, which dispatches a public
Page 276 and 277:
Mississippi, Missouri, Pennsylvania
Page 278 and 279:
226 Table 7.6 Summary of utility re
Page 280 and 281:
DISCUSSION - KEY EXAMPLES OF STATE
Page 282 and 283:
ill. Condominium associations are g
Page 284 and 285:
under construction after January 1,
Page 286 and 287:
Weights and Measures Regulation In
Page 288 and 289:
from the submetering. Meter testing
Page 290 and 291:
clean and decent housing or the lac
Page 292 and 293:
240
Page 294 and 295:
NATIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE F
Page 296 and 297:
complaints in all 50 states and app
Page 298 and 299:
- Meters must demonstrate in testin
Page 300 and 301:
- Plumbing systems are space constr
Page 302 and 303:
(2) Twisted or kinked flex supply l
Page 304 and 305:
252
Page 306 and 307:
Estimated Water Use By Different Bi
Page 308 and 309:
there are clear benefits to these s
Page 310 and 311:
study site. These values were then
Page 312 and 313:
immediately strengthens the owner's
Page 314 and 315:
among the nation's key strategies f
Page 316 and 317:
all repair and replacement decision
Page 318 and 319:
These findings underscore the obser
Page 320 and 321:
varies with volume of use) for mult
Page 322 and 323:
Recommendation 6 - Efficient plumbi
Page 324 and 325:
financially responsible for their o
Page 326 and 327:
individual unit, the volume allocat
Page 328 and 329:
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARC
Page 330 and 331:
Fixed rates - Part of a master mete
Page 332 and 333:
Total-capture submetering - a type
Page 334 and 335:
282
Page 336 and 337:
Corral, L.R. 1997. Price and Non-Pr
Page 338 and 339:
McClelland, L. 1980. Encouraging En
Page 340:
Young, C.E., K.R. Kinsley and W.E.
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