STANDARD HANDBOOK OF PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS ...

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498 Drilling and Well Completions Drilling Mud Hydraulics . ................... 829 Rheological Classification of Drilling Fluids 829. Flow Regimes 830. Principle of Additive Pressures 834. Friction Pressure Loss Calculations 836. Pressure Loss Through Bit Nozzles 839. Air and Gas Drilling ............................................................................. 840 Types of Operations 840. Equipment 844. Well Completion 847. Well Control 852. Air, Gas, and Unstable Foam Calculations 853. Downhole Motors................... ............................................................... 862 Turbine Motors 863. Positive Displacement Motor 882. Special Applications 899. MWD and LWD ..................................................................................... 901 MWD Technology 901. Directional Drilling Parameters 954. Safety Parameters 961. LWD Technology 971. Gamma and Ray Logs 971. Resistivity Logs 974. Neutron-Density Logs 985. Measuring While Tripping: Wiper Logs 999. Measurements at the Bit 1002. Basic Log Interpretation 1005. Drilling Mechanics 1015. Abnormal Pressure Detection 1036. Drilling Safety, Kick Alert 1067. Horizontal Drilling, Geosteering 1070. Comparison of LWD Logs with Wireline Logs 1077. Comparison of MWD Data with Other Drilling Data 1078. Directional Drilling .............................................................................. 1079 Glossary 1079. Dogleg Severity (Hole Curvature) Calculations 1083. Deflection Tool Orientation 1085. ThreeDimensional Deflecting Model 1088. Selection of Drilling Practices ............................................................. 1090 Factors Affecting Drilling Rates 1090. Selection of Weight on Bit, Rotary Speed, and Drilling Time 1091. Selection of Optimal Nozzle Size and Mud Flowrate 1097. Well Pressure Control .......................................................... ................ 1100 Surface Equipment 1101. When and How to Close the Well 1101. Gas-Cut Mud 1103. The Closed Well 1105. Kick Control Procedures 1106. Maximum Casing/Borehole Pressure 11 11. Fishing Operations and Equipment ................................................... 1113 Causes and Prevention 1114. Fishing Tools 11 15. Free Point 1124. Casing and Casing String Design ........................................................ 1127 Types of Casing 1127. Casing Program Design 1128. Casing Data 1132. Elements of Threads 1141. Collapse Pressure 1147. Internal Yield Pressure 1155. Joint Strength 1156. Combination Casing Strings 1157. Running and Pulling Casing 1164. Well Cementing ................................................................................... 1177 Cementing Principles 1179. Properties of Cement Slurry 1183. Cement Additives 1193. Primary Cementing 1200. *Diameter Casing Cementing 1211. Multistage Casing Cementing 1216. Secondary Cementing 1223. Squeeze Cementing 1224. Plug Cementing 1228. Tubing and Tubing String Design ....................................................... 1233 API Physical Property Specification 1233. Dimension, Weights, and Lengths 1233. Running and Pulling Tubing 1239. Selection of Wall thickness and Steel Grade of Tubing 1251. Tubing Elongation/Contraction 1252. Packer--Tubing Force 1254. Permanent Corkscrewing 1257. Corrosion and Scaling ......................................................................... 1257 Corrosion Theory 1259. Forms of Corrosion Attack 1268. Factors Influencing Corrosion Rate 1292. Corrodents in Drilling Fluids 1300. Corrosion Monitoring and Equipment Inspections 1312. Corrosion Control 1323. Recommended Practices 1340. Environmental Considerations . . . . . .. .1343 Site Assessment and Construction 1344. Environmental Concerns While in Operation 1352. Offshore Operations ............................................................................ 1363 Drilling Vessels 1357. Marine Riser Systems. 1359. Casing Programs 1361. Well Control 1363. References ............................................................................................ 1373
- Drilling and Well Completions DERRICKS AND PORTABLE MASTS Derricks and portable masts provide the clearance and structural support necessary for raising and lowering drill pipe, casing, rod strings, etc., during drilling and servicing operations. Standard derricks are bolted together at the well site, and are considered nonportable. Portable derricks, which do not require full disassembly for transport, are termed masts. The derrick or mast must be designed to safely carry all loads that are likely to be used during the structure’s life [l]. The largest vertical dead load that will likely be imposed on the structure is the heaviest casing string run into the borehole. However, the largest vertical load imposed on the structure will result from pulling equipment (Le., drill string or casing string) stuck in the borehole. The most accepted method is to design a derrick or mast that can carry a dead load well beyond the maximum casing load expected. This can be accomplished by utilizing the safety factor. The derrick or mast must also be designed to withstand wind loads. Wind loads are imposed by the wind acting on the outer and inner surfaces of the open structure. When designing for wind loads, the designer must consider that the drill pipe or other tubulars may be out of the hole and stacked in the structure. This means that there will be loads imposed on the structure by the pipe weight (i.e., setback load) in addition to the additional loads imposed by the wind. The horizontal forces due to wind are counteracted by the lattice structure that is firmly secured to the structure’s foundation. Additional support to the structure can be accomplished by the guy lines attached to the structure and to a dead man anchor some distance away from it. The dead man anchor is buried in the ground to firmly support the tension loads in the guy line. The guy lines are pretensioned when attached to the dead man anchor. The API Standard 4F, First Edition, May 1, 1985, “API Specifications for Drilling and Well Servicing Structures,” was written to provide suitable steel structures for drilling and well servicing operations and to provide a uniform method of rating the structures for the petroleum industry. API Standard 4F supersedes API Standards 4A, 4D, and 4E thus, many structures in service today may not satisfy all of the requirements of API Standard 4F [2-51. For modern derrick and mast designs, API Standard 4F is the authoritative source of information, and much of this section is extracted directly from this standard. Drilling and well servicing structures that meet the requirements of API Standard 4F are identified by a nameplate securely affixed to the structure in a conspicuous place. The nameplate markings convey at least the following information: Mast and Derrick Nameplate Information a. Manufacturer’s name b. Manufacturer’s address c. Specification 4F d. Serial number 499
Page 1 and 2: Compressors 485 Vertical V-type W-t
Page 3 and 4: For a reciprocating piston compress
Page 5 and 6: Compressors 489 top of the vanes sl
Page 7 and 8: Compressors 491 portion of the rota
Page 9 and 10: Compressors 493 Summary of Rotary C
Page 11 and 12: References 495 Figure 3-83. Multist
Page 13: Drilling and Well Completions Frede
Page 17 and 18: Derricks and Portable Masts 501 Guy
Page 19 and 20: Derricks and Portable Masts 503 c I
Page 21 and 22: ~~ ~ Nominal Base Square Two I" or
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Page 27 and 28: Design Specifications Derricks and
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Page 39 and 40: Hoisting System 543 75, 562.50 lb,
Page 41 and 42: 600,000 9, Hoisting System 525 bloc
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Page 47 and 48: Hoisting System 531 16. Tension mem
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Page 51 and 52: Hoisting System 535 where SF, = yie
Page 53 and 54: Hoisting System 537 Table 4-6 (cont
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Page 57 and 58: Hoisting System 541 Figure 4-16. Tr
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Hoisting System 549 Weor of pins an
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Hoisting System 551 Wear and crocks
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Hoisting System 553 INSPECTION: Hea
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Table 4-9 (continued) Hoisting Syst
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Table 4-9 (continued) Hoisting Syst
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Hoisting System 559 Table 4-10 (con
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Hoisting System 561 0.145 3.68 3,32
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Hoisting System 563 0.230 0.231 0.2
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Hoisting System 565 The purchaser m
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Table 4-14 Classification Wire Rope
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Hoisting System 569 Table 4-18 6x37
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Table 4-23 6x25 “B,” 6x27 “H,
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Hoisting System 573 FIGhE4.44 FIGUR
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Hoisting System 575 (text conlznued
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Table 4-24 Wire Diameter Tolerance
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Hoisting System 579 M Figure 4-66.
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Hoisting System 581 Table 4-28 Requ
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Hoisting System 583 Table 4-30 Typi
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Hoisting System 585 Minimum Design
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y CASE "0" s-3 Drum Hoisting System
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Hoisting System 589 Figure 4-71A sh
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Hoisting System 591 a. The seizing
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Hoisting System 593 This solution i
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~ ~~~ Hoisting System 595 Attachmen
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Hoisting System 597 Vee Side of Der
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Hoisting System 599 spooling condit
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Hoisting System 601 Grooves for san
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Hoisting System 603 WEIGHT OF FLUID
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Hoisting System 605 20 I I I 1 I I
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608 Drilling and Well Completions B
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610 Drilling and Well Completions S
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612 Drilling and Well Completions 4
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614 Drilling and Well Completions n
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616 Drilling and Well Completions W
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618 Drilling and Well Completions S
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620 Drilling and Well Completions F
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622 Drilling and Well Completions -
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626 Drilling and Well Completions 1
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630 Drilling and Well Completions s
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Table 4-38 Mud Pump Performance-Dup
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NAWfACNWR COWIINEWAL EYSCO(DVPLOO T
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Table 4-38 (continued) Q, w 00 5 a
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642 Drilling and Well Completions T
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644 Drilling and Well Completions (
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646 Drilling and Well Completions .
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1."y SZ'Z# 8/1-02 01 ncf, VIE-02 0)
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652 Drilling and Well Completions T
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654 Drilling and Well Completions R
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656 Drilling and Well Completions R
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Drilling Muds and Completion Fluids
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80 Drilling Muds and Completion Flu
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~ ~~ Drilling Muds and Completion F
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~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ Drilling Muds and Com
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Drill String: Composition and Desig
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where DF = W= Wd‘ = %= K, = r, =
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Table 4-81 Premium (Used) Drill Pip
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Table 4-83 Class 3 (Used) Drill Pip
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~ -- --- Drill String: Composition
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6.85 9.50 Table 4-86 Selection Char
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In In t- ." B v1 a" c 0 ." .3 Y 8 2
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~ . Drill String: Composition and D
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Drilling Bits and Downhole Tools 76
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~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ Drilling Bi
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The bit hydraulic horsepower HP, is
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Weight on Bit and Rotary Speed for
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~ OPEN Drilling Bits and Downhole T
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DRILLING MUD HYDRAULICS Drilling Mu
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 83 1 where
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 833 The ave
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 835 words,
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 837 In the
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AP5 = [ 0.729 (2.4)(118.62) (2)(0.7
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Air and Gas Drilling 841 Air and Ga
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~ ~ ~ Air and Gas Drilling 843 Air
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Air and Gas Drilling 845 The booste
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Air and Gas Drilling 847 Drill Pipe
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Air and Gas Drilling 849 above the
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Air and Gas Drilling 851 [-a Rotati
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Air and Gas Drilling 853 drilling,
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Air and Gas Drilling 855 Table 4-10
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Air and Gas Drilling 857 Knowing th
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Air and Gas Drilling 859 From Equat
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Air and Gas Drilling 861 log,,p,,,
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Downhole Motors 863 In the late 195
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Downhole Motors 865 Figure 4-191. D
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Downhole Motors 867 Circulation Rat
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Downhole Motors 869 Stator t Figure
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Table 4-111 Turbine Motor, 6%-in. O
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HP, = 217( -) 1421 2842 Downhole Mo
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Downhole Motors 875 Similarly, the
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Downhole Motors 877 8000 pall = 458
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pal, = 3825 psi qal, = 340 gpm Down
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p, = 3236 psi Downhole Motors 881 8
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Downhole Motors 883 Flow Figure 4-2
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Downhole Motors 885 stator is made
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Downhole Motors 887 operating speed
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~~ ~ ~ Downhole Motors 889 - 9*P,a%
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Downhole Motors 891 2800 2400 2200
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Downhole Motors 893 OFF BOllOM BEAR
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Downhole Motors 895 3000 .- n v) a
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Downhole Motors 897 t? v) p,= 1382
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Downhole Motors 899 The hydraulic e
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MWD and LWD 901 successfully in man
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MWD and LWD 903 Naturally for opera
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MWD and LWD 905 MAGNETOMETER " \ Y'
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MWD and LWD 907 Coils Po Figure 4-2
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MWD and LWD 909 continuous componen
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MWD and LWD 911 The gravity tool fa
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g MWD and LWD 913 A \ DRIVE WINDING
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MWD and LWD 915 Figure 4-230. Photo
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Table 4-119 Accelerometer Output fo
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MWD and LWD 919 Also needed: Vector
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MWD and LWD 921 Using the drawing F
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MWD and LWD 923 where x = elongatio
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MWD and LWD 925 where m is the dece
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MWD and LWD 927 - Housing c Sensor
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MWD and LWD 929 Pressure Pick-up Fi
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MWD and LWD 931 The cone can be rep
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MWD and LWD 933 for measuring the d
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MWD and LWD 935 The calculation of
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MWD and LWD 937 The early system wa
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MWD and LWD 939 Retrievable Tools.
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MWD and LWD 941 where P(x) = pressu
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Demonstration, Transmit a range of
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~~~ MWD and LWD 945 2. What is the
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~ 2. S-23-E = 157" Default: 0110111
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MWD and LWD 949 Pressure (psi) 0 20
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MWD and LWD 951 x = distance in ft
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MWD and LWD 953 Solution 1. a. 6,25
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MWD and LWD 955 M - J H Figure 4-25
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MWD and LWD 957 FOIL GRID PATTERN T
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MWD and LWD 959 I I I p *:::!i I I
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MWD and LWD 961 One steel diaphragm
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MWD and LWD 963 Temperature sensor
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MWD and LWD 965 (4-200) where Rgem
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MWD and LWD 967 Gage response to ax
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MWD and LWD 969 (4-203) (4-204) Sol
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MWD and LWD 971 Hydrostatic pressur
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MWD and LWD 973 Figure 4-269. Examp
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MWD and LWD 975 Flgure 4-271. MWD f
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MWD and LWD 977 3. electromagnetic
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MWD and LWD 979 The system is simil
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MWD and LWD 981 Figure 4-276. Compa
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MWD and LWD 983 DUAL INDUCTION-LL3
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