STANDARD HANDBOOK OF PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS ...

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796 Drilling and Well Completions 4oy I I I I 1 I Figure 4-148. Recommended rotary speed for core bits [49]. (Courtesy Hughes Christensen.) name) drill blank in 1973 and Christensen, Inc. used these in PDC bit field tests. The bits were successfully applied in offshore drilling in the North Sea area in the late 1970s and in on-shore areas in the United States in the early 1980s. In some areas, the PDC bits have out-drilling roller rock bits, reducing overall cost per foot by 30 to 50% and achieving four times the footage per bit at higher penetration rates [52,53]. Figure 4-150 shows the major components and design of the PDC bit. The polycrystalline diamond compacts, shown in Figure 4-15 1. The polycrystalline diamond compacts (of which General Electric's) consist of a thin layer of synthetic diamonds on a tungsten carbide disk. These compacts are produced as an integral blank by a high-pressure, high-temperature process. The diamond layer consists of many tiny crystals grown together at random orientations for maximum strength and wear resistance. The tungsten carbide backing provides mechanical strength and further reenforces the diamond compact wear-resistant properties. During drilling, the polycrystalline diamond cutter wears down slowly with a self-sharpening effect. This helps maintain sharp cutters for high penetration-rate drilling throughout the life of the bit. PDC Bit Design. Figures 4-152 and 4-153 show typical PDC bits. Figure 4-152 is for soft formation. Figure 4-153 is for hard and abrasive formation [43A]. Bit Body Material (Matrix). There are two common body materials for PDC bits, steel and tungsten carbide. Heat-treated steel body bits are normally a "stud" bit design, incorporating diamond compacts on tungsten carbide posts. These stud cutters are typically secured to the bit body by interference fitting and shrink fitting. Steel body bits also generally incorporate three or more carbide nozzles (often interchangeable) and carbide buttons on gauge. Steel body bits have limitations of erosion of the bit face by the drilling mud and wear of the gauge section. Some steel body bits are offered with wear-resistant coatings applied to the bit face to limit mud erosion.
Drilling Bits and Downhole Tools 797 100 200 300 500 I CRITICALSPEED I I I L w y 1000 I I- c3 5 J L3 g 2000 I- v) J 1 3000 CT n 5000 10,000 15,000 20,000 30,000 20 30 50 100 200 300 400 600 800 ROTARY SPEED-RPM Figure 4-149. Critical rotary speed for core bits [51]. (Courtesy API.) Greater bit design freedom is generally available with matrix body bits because they are “cast” in a moldlike natural diamond bits. Thus, matrix body bits typically have more complex profiles and incorporate cast nozzles and waterways. In addition to the advantages of bit face configuration and erosion resistance with matrix body bits, diamond compact matrix bits often utilize natural
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Compressors 485 Vertical V-type W-t
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For a reciprocating piston compress
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Compressors 489 top of the vanes sl
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Compressors 491 portion of the rota
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Compressors 493 Summary of Rotary C
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References 495 Figure 3-83. Multist
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Drilling and Well Completions Frede
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- Drilling and Well Completions DER
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Derricks and Portable Masts 501 Guy
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Derricks and Portable Masts 503 c I
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~~ ~ Nominal Base Square Two I" or
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Derricks and Portable Masts 507 The
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Derricks and Portable Masts 509 c.
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Design Specifications Derricks and
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Derricks and Portable Masts 513 Whe
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Derricks and Portable Masts 515 to
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Derricks and Portable Masts 517 1.
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Derricks and Portable Masts 519 All
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Derricks and Portable Masts 541 and
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Hoisting System 543 75, 562.50 lb,
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600,000 9, Hoisting System 525 bloc
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Hoisting System 527 Power output lo
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Hoisting System 529 Transmission an
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Hoisting System 531 16. Tension mem
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Hoisting System 533 0 too 150 250 3
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Hoisting System 535 where SF, = yie
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Hoisting System 537 Table 4-6 (cont
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\-I-/ 15" 15" \-I?/ Hoisting System
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Hoisting System 541 Figure 4-16. Tr
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Hoisting System 543 loads are unexp
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Hoisting System 545 Wear and crocks
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Hoisting System 547 ,-Wear and crac
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Hoisting System 549 Weor of pins an
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Hoisting System 551 Wear and crocks
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Hoisting System 553 INSPECTION: Hea
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Table 4-9 (continued) Hoisting Syst
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Table 4-9 (continued) Hoisting Syst
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Hoisting System 559 Table 4-10 (con
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Hoisting System 561 0.145 3.68 3,32
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Hoisting System 563 0.230 0.231 0.2
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Hoisting System 565 The purchaser m
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Table 4-14 Classification Wire Rope
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Hoisting System 569 Table 4-18 6x37
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Table 4-23 6x25 “B,” 6x27 “H,
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Hoisting System 573 FIGhE4.44 FIGUR
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Hoisting System 575 (text conlznued
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Table 4-24 Wire Diameter Tolerance
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Hoisting System 579 M Figure 4-66.
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Hoisting System 581 Table 4-28 Requ
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Hoisting System 583 Table 4-30 Typi
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Hoisting System 585 Minimum Design
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y CASE "0" s-3 Drum Hoisting System
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Hoisting System 589 Figure 4-71A sh
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Hoisting System 591 a. The seizing
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Hoisting System 593 This solution i
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~ ~~~ Hoisting System 595 Attachmen
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Hoisting System 597 Vee Side of Der
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Hoisting System 599 spooling condit
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Hoisting System 601 Grooves for san
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Hoisting System 603 WEIGHT OF FLUID
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Hoisting System 605 20 I I I 1 I I
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608 Drilling and Well Completions B
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610 Drilling and Well Completions S
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612 Drilling and Well Completions 4
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614 Drilling and Well Completions n
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616 Drilling and Well Completions W
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618 Drilling and Well Completions S
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620 Drilling and Well Completions F
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622 Drilling and Well Completions -
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626 Drilling and Well Completions 1
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630 Drilling and Well Completions s
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Table 4-38 Mud Pump Performance-Dup
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NAWfACNWR COWIINEWAL EYSCO(DVPLOO T
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Table 4-38 (continued) Q, w 00 5 a
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642 Drilling and Well Completions T
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644 Drilling and Well Completions (
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646 Drilling and Well Completions .
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1."y SZ'Z# 8/1-02 01 ncf, VIE-02 0)
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652 Drilling and Well Completions T
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654 Drilling and Well Completions R
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656 Drilling and Well Completions R
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Drilling Muds and Completion Fluids
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80 Drilling Muds and Completion Flu
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~ ~~ Drilling Muds and Completion F
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~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ Drilling Muds and Com
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Drill String: Composition and Desig
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where DF = W= Wd‘ = %= K, = r, =
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Table 4-81 Premium (Used) Drill Pip
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Table 4-83 Class 3 (Used) Drill Pip
Page 261 and 262: Drill String: Composition and Desig
Page 267 and 268: ~ -- --- Drill String: Composition
Page 269 and 270: 6.85 9.50 Table 4-86 Selection Char
Page 271 and 272: In In t- ." B v1 a" c 0 ." .3 Y 8 2
Page 275 and 276: ~ . Drill String: Composition and D
Page 285 and 286: Drilling Bits and Downhole Tools 76
Page 287 and 288: ~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ Drilling Bi
Page 303 and 304: The bit hydraulic horsepower HP, is
Page 311: Weight on Bit and Rotary Speed for
Page 321 and 322: ~ OPEN Drilling Bits and Downhole T
Page 345 and 346: DRILLING MUD HYDRAULICS Drilling Mu
Page 347 and 348: Drilling Mud Hydraulics 83 1 where
Page 349 and 350: Drilling Mud Hydraulics 833 The ave
Page 351 and 352: Drilling Mud Hydraulics 835 words,
Page 353 and 354: Drilling Mud Hydraulics 837 In the
Page 355 and 356: AP5 = [ 0.729 (2.4)(118.62) (2)(0.7
Page 357 and 358: Air and Gas Drilling 841 Air and Ga
Page 359 and 360: ~ ~ ~ Air and Gas Drilling 843 Air
Page 361 and 362: Air and Gas Drilling 845 The booste
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Air and Gas Drilling 847 Drill Pipe
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Air and Gas Drilling 849 above the
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Air and Gas Drilling 851 [-a Rotati
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Air and Gas Drilling 853 drilling,
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Air and Gas Drilling 855 Table 4-10
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Air and Gas Drilling 857 Knowing th
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Air and Gas Drilling 859 From Equat
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Air and Gas Drilling 861 log,,p,,,
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Downhole Motors 863 In the late 195
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Downhole Motors 865 Figure 4-191. D
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Downhole Motors 867 Circulation Rat
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Downhole Motors 869 Stator t Figure
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Table 4-111 Turbine Motor, 6%-in. O
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HP, = 217( -) 1421 2842 Downhole Mo
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Downhole Motors 875 Similarly, the
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Downhole Motors 877 8000 pall = 458
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pal, = 3825 psi qal, = 340 gpm Down
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p, = 3236 psi Downhole Motors 881 8
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Downhole Motors 883 Flow Figure 4-2
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Downhole Motors 885 stator is made
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Downhole Motors 887 operating speed
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~~ ~ ~ Downhole Motors 889 - 9*P,a%
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Downhole Motors 891 2800 2400 2200
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Downhole Motors 893 OFF BOllOM BEAR
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Downhole Motors 895 3000 .- n v) a
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Downhole Motors 897 t? v) p,= 1382
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Downhole Motors 899 The hydraulic e
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MWD and LWD 901 successfully in man
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MWD and LWD 903 Naturally for opera
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MWD and LWD 905 MAGNETOMETER " \ Y'
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MWD and LWD 907 Coils Po Figure 4-2
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MWD and LWD 909 continuous componen
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MWD and LWD 911 The gravity tool fa
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g MWD and LWD 913 A \ DRIVE WINDING
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MWD and LWD 915 Figure 4-230. Photo
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Table 4-119 Accelerometer Output fo
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MWD and LWD 919 Also needed: Vector
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MWD and LWD 921 Using the drawing F
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MWD and LWD 923 where x = elongatio
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MWD and LWD 925 where m is the dece
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MWD and LWD 927 - Housing c Sensor
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MWD and LWD 929 Pressure Pick-up Fi
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MWD and LWD 931 The cone can be rep
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MWD and LWD 933 for measuring the d
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MWD and LWD 935 The calculation of
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MWD and LWD 937 The early system wa
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MWD and LWD 939 Retrievable Tools.
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MWD and LWD 941 where P(x) = pressu
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Demonstration, Transmit a range of
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~~~ MWD and LWD 945 2. What is the
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~ 2. S-23-E = 157" Default: 0110111
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MWD and LWD 949 Pressure (psi) 0 20
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MWD and LWD 951 x = distance in ft
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MWD and LWD 953 Solution 1. a. 6,25
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MWD and LWD 955 M - J H Figure 4-25
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MWD and LWD 957 FOIL GRID PATTERN T
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MWD and LWD 959 I I I p *:::!i I I
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MWD and LWD 961 One steel diaphragm
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MWD and LWD 963 Temperature sensor
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MWD and LWD 965 (4-200) where Rgem
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MWD and LWD 967 Gage response to ax
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MWD and LWD 969 (4-203) (4-204) Sol
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MWD and LWD 971 Hydrostatic pressur
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MWD and LWD 973 Figure 4-269. Examp
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MWD and LWD 975 Flgure 4-271. MWD f
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MWD and LWD 977 3. electromagnetic
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MWD and LWD 979 The system is simil
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MWD and LWD 981 Figure 4-276. Compa
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MWD and LWD 983 DUAL INDUCTION-LL3
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