STANDARD HANDBOOK OF PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS ...

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710 Drilling and Well Completions Table 4-65 Material Requirements for KCI Solutions (60°F) Density Fresh Water Potassium Chloride PDSI galhbl final lblbbl final 8.42 41.7 7.0 8.64 41 .O 21.1 8.86 40.2 35.2 9.09 39.4 53.6 9.32 38.6 70.5 9.56 37.6 88.2 9.78 36.7 105.0 problems for squeeze cementing, but is removed with production and increasing temperatures. Starch is also used for fluid loss control. It does not provide carrying capacity; therefore other polymers are required. Although starch is relatively cheap, it has two serious limitations: (1) starch is subject to fermentation, and (2) it causes significant permeability reduction due to plugging. The synthetic polymers commonly used in completion fluids are HEC and Xanthan gum (XC Polymer). Xanthan gum is a biopolymer that provides good rheological properties and that is completely soluble in HCl. HEC-hydroxyethyl cellulose is currently the best viscosifer. It gives good carrying capacity, fluid loss control, and rheology; it is completely removable with hydrochloric acid. The effect of HCl on the restored permeability for HEC completion fluid is shown in Figure 4-124 and Table 4-68 [36]. It can be noticed that 100% of the original core permeability was restored by displacing acid-broken HEC with brine. The comparison of permeability damage caused by different polymers is given in Table 4-69 [36]. The bridging materials commonly used in completion and workover fluids are ground calcium carbonate, gilsonite, and asphalt. These materials should demonstrate uniform particle size distribution and be removable by acid or by backflow. Their mesh size should enable them to flush through the gravel pack; a mesh size of 200 is considered satisfactory for most completions. Calcium carbonate bridging materials are completely soluble in hydrochloric acid. Resins give effective bridging; they are soluble in oil solutions (2% by volume oil). A typical formulation of a brine-polymer completion f hid might include 8.5 to 11 lb/gal salt water solution (NaCl, CaCl,, KCl, or a mixture), 0.25 to 1.0 lb/bbl polymer and 5 to 15% calcium carbonate. Density control in brine-polymer systems can be achieved with salt solutions or with weighting materials. When mixing heavy brine completion fluids, the following factors should be considered: 1. Cost-heavy brines are very expensive. 2. Downhole temperature effect on the brine density-Table 4-69 [26]. 3. Crystallization temperature-Figure 4-125 [37]. 4. Corrosion-various salts have different acidities (pH of brine can be controlled with lime, caustic soda, or calcium bicarbonate). 5. Safety-burns from heat generated while mixing and skin damage should be prevented. 6. Toxicity-dispersal cost depends on type of salt and concentration.
Drilling Muds and Completion Fluids 711 Table 4-66 Mixing Chart for Zinc Bromide/Calcium Bromide Solution Blend 13.7 Iblgal CaBr2/C.C12+ 19.2 Iblgal ZnBr2ICaBr2 h8hd Barrels Bamls Cry.1.lliZrtlon Brine 13.7 IWgal 19.2 IWgd Point Density Ib/gal CnBr2/CaC12 ZnBr2/CaBr2 (F) (C) 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15 7 15.8 15.9 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 17 8 17.9 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 18.7 18.8 18.9 19.0 19.1 19.2 Courtesy Halliburton Co. 0.7636 0.7454 0.7273 0.7091 0.6909 0.6727 0.6545 0.6364 0.6182 0.6000 0.5818 0.5636 0.5454 0.5273 0.5091 0.4909 0.4727 0.4546 0.4364 0.4182 0.4000 0.3818 0.3636 0.3455 0.3273 0.3091 0.2909 0.2727 0.2546 0.2364 0.2182 0.2000 0,1818 0.1636 0.1455 0.1273 0.1091 0.0909 0.0727 0.0545 0.0364 0.0182 O.oo00 0.2364 46 0.2546 43 0.2727 40 0.2909 38 0.3091 36 0.3273 34 0.3455 32 0.3636 30 0.3818 28 0.4000 25 0.4182 22 0.4364 19 0.4546 16 0.4727 13 0.4909 9 0.5091 3 0.5273 4 0.5454 9 0.5636 14 0.5818 19 0.6OOO 23 0.6182 23 0.6364 23 0.6545 24 0.6727 24 0.6909 25 0.7091 25 0.7273 25 0.7454 26 0.7636 26 0.7018 27 0.8oOo 27 0.0182 27 0.8364 25 0.8546 25 0.0727 25 0.8909 22 0.9091 21 0.9273 21 0.9455 20 0.9636 19 0.9818 17 0.1oOO 16 7 6 4 3 2 1 LO - 1 -2 -3 -5 -7 -8 -10 -12 -16 - 15 - 12 -10 -7 -5 -5 -5 -4 -4 -3 -3 - 3 -3 -3 -2 -2 -2 -3 -3 -3 -5 -6 -6 -6 -7 -8 -8
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Compressors 485 Vertical V-type W-t
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For a reciprocating piston compress
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Compressors 489 top of the vanes sl
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Compressors 491 portion of the rota
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Compressors 493 Summary of Rotary C
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References 495 Figure 3-83. Multist
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Drilling and Well Completions Frede
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- Drilling and Well Completions DER
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Derricks and Portable Masts 501 Guy
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Derricks and Portable Masts 503 c I
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~~ ~ Nominal Base Square Two I" or
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Derricks and Portable Masts 507 The
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Derricks and Portable Masts 509 c.
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Design Specifications Derricks and
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Derricks and Portable Masts 513 Whe
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Derricks and Portable Masts 515 to
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Derricks and Portable Masts 517 1.
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Derricks and Portable Masts 519 All
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Derricks and Portable Masts 541 and
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Hoisting System 543 75, 562.50 lb,
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600,000 9, Hoisting System 525 bloc
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Hoisting System 527 Power output lo
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Hoisting System 529 Transmission an
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Hoisting System 531 16. Tension mem
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Hoisting System 533 0 too 150 250 3
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Hoisting System 535 where SF, = yie
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Hoisting System 537 Table 4-6 (cont
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\-I-/ 15" 15" \-I?/ Hoisting System
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Hoisting System 541 Figure 4-16. Tr
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Hoisting System 543 loads are unexp
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Hoisting System 545 Wear and crocks
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Hoisting System 547 ,-Wear and crac
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Hoisting System 549 Weor of pins an
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Hoisting System 551 Wear and crocks
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Hoisting System 553 INSPECTION: Hea
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Table 4-9 (continued) Hoisting Syst
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Table 4-9 (continued) Hoisting Syst
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Hoisting System 559 Table 4-10 (con
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Hoisting System 561 0.145 3.68 3,32
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Hoisting System 563 0.230 0.231 0.2
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Hoisting System 565 The purchaser m
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Table 4-14 Classification Wire Rope
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Hoisting System 569 Table 4-18 6x37
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Table 4-23 6x25 “B,” 6x27 “H,
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Hoisting System 573 FIGhE4.44 FIGUR
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Hoisting System 575 (text conlznued
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Table 4-24 Wire Diameter Tolerance
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Hoisting System 579 M Figure 4-66.
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Hoisting System 581 Table 4-28 Requ
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Hoisting System 583 Table 4-30 Typi
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Hoisting System 585 Minimum Design
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y CASE "0" s-3 Drum Hoisting System
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Hoisting System 589 Figure 4-71A sh
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Hoisting System 591 a. The seizing
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Hoisting System 593 This solution i
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~ ~~~ Hoisting System 595 Attachmen
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Hoisting System 597 Vee Side of Der
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Hoisting System 599 spooling condit
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Hoisting System 601 Grooves for san
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Hoisting System 603 WEIGHT OF FLUID
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Hoisting System 605 20 I I I 1 I I
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608 Drilling and Well Completions B
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610 Drilling and Well Completions S
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612 Drilling and Well Completions 4
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614 Drilling and Well Completions n
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616 Drilling and Well Completions W
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618 Drilling and Well Completions S
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620 Drilling and Well Completions F
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622 Drilling and Well Completions -
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626 Drilling and Well Completions 1
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630 Drilling and Well Completions s
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Table 4-38 Mud Pump Performance-Dup
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NAWfACNWR COWIINEWAL EYSCO(DVPLOO T
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Table 4-38 (continued) Q, w 00 5 a
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642 Drilling and Well Completions T
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644 Drilling and Well Completions (
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646 Drilling and Well Completions .
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1."y SZ'Z# 8/1-02 01 ncf, VIE-02 0)
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652 Drilling and Well Completions T
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654 Drilling and Well Completions R
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656 Drilling and Well Completions R
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Page 177 and 178: Drilling Muds and Completion Fluids
Page 193 and 194: 80 Drilling Muds and Completion Flu
Page 219 and 220: ~ ~~ Drilling Muds and Completion F
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Page 231 and 232: Drill String: Composition and Desig
Page 237 and 238: where DF = W= Wd‘ = %= K, = r, =
Page 257 and 258: Table 4-81 Premium (Used) Drill Pip
Page 259 and 260: Table 4-83 Class 3 (Used) Drill Pip
Page 267 and 268: ~ -- --- Drill String: Composition
Page 269 and 270: 6.85 9.50 Table 4-86 Selection Char
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Drill String: Composition and Desig
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Drilling Bits and Downhole Tools 76
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~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ Drilling Bi
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The bit hydraulic horsepower HP, is
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Weight on Bit and Rotary Speed for
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~ OPEN Drilling Bits and Downhole T
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DRILLING MUD HYDRAULICS Drilling Mu
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 83 1 where
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 833 The ave
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 835 words,
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 837 In the
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AP5 = [ 0.729 (2.4)(118.62) (2)(0.7
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Air and Gas Drilling 841 Air and Ga
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~ ~ ~ Air and Gas Drilling 843 Air
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Air and Gas Drilling 845 The booste
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Air and Gas Drilling 847 Drill Pipe
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Air and Gas Drilling 849 above the
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Air and Gas Drilling 851 [-a Rotati
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Air and Gas Drilling 853 drilling,
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Air and Gas Drilling 855 Table 4-10
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Air and Gas Drilling 857 Knowing th
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Air and Gas Drilling 859 From Equat
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Air and Gas Drilling 861 log,,p,,,
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Downhole Motors 863 In the late 195
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Downhole Motors 865 Figure 4-191. D
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Downhole Motors 867 Circulation Rat
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Downhole Motors 869 Stator t Figure
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Table 4-111 Turbine Motor, 6%-in. O
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HP, = 217( -) 1421 2842 Downhole Mo
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Downhole Motors 875 Similarly, the
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Downhole Motors 877 8000 pall = 458
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pal, = 3825 psi qal, = 340 gpm Down
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p, = 3236 psi Downhole Motors 881 8
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Downhole Motors 883 Flow Figure 4-2
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Downhole Motors 885 stator is made
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Downhole Motors 887 operating speed
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~~ ~ ~ Downhole Motors 889 - 9*P,a%
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Downhole Motors 891 2800 2400 2200
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Downhole Motors 893 OFF BOllOM BEAR
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Downhole Motors 895 3000 .- n v) a
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Downhole Motors 897 t? v) p,= 1382
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Downhole Motors 899 The hydraulic e
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MWD and LWD 901 successfully in man
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MWD and LWD 903 Naturally for opera
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MWD and LWD 905 MAGNETOMETER " \ Y'
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MWD and LWD 907 Coils Po Figure 4-2
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MWD and LWD 909 continuous componen
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MWD and LWD 911 The gravity tool fa
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g MWD and LWD 913 A \ DRIVE WINDING
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MWD and LWD 915 Figure 4-230. Photo
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Table 4-119 Accelerometer Output fo
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MWD and LWD 919 Also needed: Vector
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MWD and LWD 921 Using the drawing F
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MWD and LWD 923 where x = elongatio
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MWD and LWD 925 where m is the dece
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MWD and LWD 927 - Housing c Sensor
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MWD and LWD 929 Pressure Pick-up Fi
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MWD and LWD 931 The cone can be rep
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MWD and LWD 933 for measuring the d
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MWD and LWD 935 The calculation of
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MWD and LWD 937 The early system wa
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MWD and LWD 939 Retrievable Tools.
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MWD and LWD 941 where P(x) = pressu
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Demonstration, Transmit a range of
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~~~ MWD and LWD 945 2. What is the
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~ 2. S-23-E = 157" Default: 0110111
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MWD and LWD 949 Pressure (psi) 0 20
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MWD and LWD 951 x = distance in ft
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MWD and LWD 953 Solution 1. a. 6,25
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MWD and LWD 955 M - J H Figure 4-25
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MWD and LWD 957 FOIL GRID PATTERN T
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MWD and LWD 959 I I I p *:::!i I I
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MWD and LWD 961 One steel diaphragm
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MWD and LWD 963 Temperature sensor
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MWD and LWD 965 (4-200) where Rgem
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MWD and LWD 967 Gage response to ax
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MWD and LWD 969 (4-203) (4-204) Sol
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MWD and LWD 971 Hydrostatic pressur
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MWD and LWD 973 Figure 4-269. Examp
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MWD and LWD 975 Flgure 4-271. MWD f
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MWD and LWD 977 3. electromagnetic
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MWD and LWD 979 The system is simil
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MWD and LWD 981 Figure 4-276. Compa
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MWD and LWD 983 DUAL INDUCTION-LL3
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