STANDARD HANDBOOK OF PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS ...

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676 Drilling and Well Completions only decreases the degree of seventy. If the water phase of the oil mud is a solution of CaCl, (10 to 15 lb/bbl), dehydration of the wet (20 to 30% water) gumbo shale occurs; the shale becomes harder and it acts like a common water sensitive shale. The general practice is to deliver the oil-base mud ready mixed to the rig, although some oil-base muds can be prepared at the rig. In the latter case, the most important principles are (1) to ensure that ample energy in the form of shear is applied to the fluid, and (2) to strictly follow a definite order of mixing. The following mixing procedure is recommended: a. Pump the required amount of oil into the tank. b. Add the calculated amounts of emulsifiers and wetting agent, stir, agitate, and shear these components until adequate dispersion is obtained. c. Mix in all of the water, or the CaCl, water solution that has been premixed in the other mud tank. This requires shear energy. Add water slowly through the submerged guns; operation of a +-in. gun nozzle at 500 psi is considered satisfactory. After emulsifying all the water into the mud, the system should have a smooth, glossy, and shiny appearance. On close examination, there should be no visible droplets of water. d. Add all the other oil-base mud products specified. e. Add the weighting material last; make sure that there are no water additions while mixing in the weighting material. When using an oil-base mud, certain rig equipment should be provided to control drilled solids in the mud and to reduce the loss of mud at the surfaces, i.e., a. Kelly valve-a valve installed between the kelly and the drill pipe will save about one barrel per connection. b. Mud box-to prevent loss of mud while pulling wet string on trips and connections; it should have a drain to the flow line. c. Wiper rubber-to keep the surface of the pipe dry and save mud. Oil-base mud maintenance involves close monitoring of the mud properties along with the mud temperature, as well as the chemical treatment (in which the order of additions must be strictly followed). The following general guidelines should be considered: a. The mud weight of an oil mud can be controlled within the interval from 7 lb/gal (aerated) to 22 lb/gal. A mud weight up to 10.5 lb/gal can be achieved with sodium chloride or with calcium chloride. For densities above 10.5 lb/gal, barite or ground limestone can be used. Limestone can weigh mud up to 14 lb/gal; it is used when an acid soluble solids fraction is desired, such as in drill-in fluids or in completion/workover fluids. Also, iron carbonate may be used to obtain weights up to 19.0 lb/gal when acid solubility is necessary. b. Mud rheology of oil-base mud is strongly affected by temperature. API procedure recommends that the mud temperature be reported along with the funnel viscosity. The general rule for maintenance of the rheological properties of oil-base muds is that the API funnel viscosity, the plastic viscosity, and the yield point should be maintained in a range similar to that of comparable weight water muds. Estimated properties of two oil mud systems are shown in Figure 4113 and Table 450. Excessive mud viscosity can be reduced by dilution with a diesel oil-emulsifier mixture that has been
80 Drilling Muds and Completion Fluids 677 60 40 - APPROXIMATE RANGE <strong>OF</strong> PROPERTIES 0 I- v) 4 a N e 0 90 80 7- P I-- z 70 2 60 50 40 30 > 20 u) Q Q 0 g- v) 0 0 2 10 " 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 MUD WEIGHT, Ibs/gal Figure 4-11 3. Approximate rheology of two oil-based mud systems. (VERTOIL = invert emulsion of oil and CaCI, brine: OILFAZE = invert emulsion of oil and freshwater)
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Compressors 485 Vertical V-type W-t
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For a reciprocating piston compress
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Compressors 489 top of the vanes sl
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Compressors 491 portion of the rota
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Compressors 493 Summary of Rotary C
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References 495 Figure 3-83. Multist
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Drilling and Well Completions Frede
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- Drilling and Well Completions DER
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Derricks and Portable Masts 501 Guy
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Derricks and Portable Masts 503 c I
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~~ ~ Nominal Base Square Two I" or
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Derricks and Portable Masts 507 The
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Derricks and Portable Masts 509 c.
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Design Specifications Derricks and
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Derricks and Portable Masts 513 Whe
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Derricks and Portable Masts 515 to
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Derricks and Portable Masts 517 1.
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Derricks and Portable Masts 519 All
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Derricks and Portable Masts 541 and
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Hoisting System 543 75, 562.50 lb,
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600,000 9, Hoisting System 525 bloc
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Hoisting System 527 Power output lo
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Hoisting System 529 Transmission an
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Hoisting System 531 16. Tension mem
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Hoisting System 533 0 too 150 250 3
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Hoisting System 535 where SF, = yie
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Hoisting System 537 Table 4-6 (cont
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\-I-/ 15" 15" \-I?/ Hoisting System
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Hoisting System 541 Figure 4-16. Tr
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Hoisting System 543 loads are unexp
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Hoisting System 545 Wear and crocks
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Hoisting System 547 ,-Wear and crac
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Hoisting System 549 Weor of pins an
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Hoisting System 551 Wear and crocks
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Hoisting System 553 INSPECTION: Hea
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Table 4-9 (continued) Hoisting Syst
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Table 4-9 (continued) Hoisting Syst
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Hoisting System 559 Table 4-10 (con
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Hoisting System 561 0.145 3.68 3,32
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Hoisting System 563 0.230 0.231 0.2
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Hoisting System 565 The purchaser m
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Table 4-14 Classification Wire Rope
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Hoisting System 569 Table 4-18 6x37
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Table 4-23 6x25 “B,” 6x27 “H,
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Hoisting System 573 FIGhE4.44 FIGUR
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Hoisting System 575 (text conlznued
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Table 4-24 Wire Diameter Tolerance
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Hoisting System 579 M Figure 4-66.
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Hoisting System 581 Table 4-28 Requ
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Hoisting System 583 Table 4-30 Typi
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Hoisting System 585 Minimum Design
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y CASE "0" s-3 Drum Hoisting System
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Hoisting System 589 Figure 4-71A sh
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Hoisting System 591 a. The seizing
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Hoisting System 593 This solution i
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~ ~~~ Hoisting System 595 Attachmen
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Hoisting System 597 Vee Side of Der
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Hoisting System 599 spooling condit
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Hoisting System 601 Grooves for san
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Hoisting System 603 WEIGHT OF FLUID
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Hoisting System 605 20 I I I 1 I I
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608 Drilling and Well Completions B
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610 Drilling and Well Completions S
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612 Drilling and Well Completions 4
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614 Drilling and Well Completions n
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616 Drilling and Well Completions W
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618 Drilling and Well Completions S
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620 Drilling and Well Completions F
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622 Drilling and Well Completions -
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624 Drilling and Well Completions F
Page 142 and 143: 626 Drilling and Well Completions 1
Page 144 and 145: 628 Drilling and Well Completions F
Page 146 and 147: 630 Drilling and Well Completions s
Page 148 and 149: Table 4-38 Mud Pump Performance-Dup
Page 150: NAWfACNWR COWIINEWAL EYSCO(DVPLOO T
Page 154 and 155: Table 4-38 (continued) Q, w 00 5 a
Page 158 and 159: 642 Drilling and Well Completions T
Page 160 and 161: 644 Drilling and Well Completions (
Page 162 and 163: 646 Drilling and Well Completions .
Page 164 and 165: 1."y SZ'Z# 8/1-02 01 ncf, VIE-02 0)
Page 166 and 167: 650 Drilling and Well Completions F
Page 168 and 169: 652 Drilling and Well Completions T
Page 170 and 171: 654 Drilling and Well Completions R
Page 172 and 173: 656 Drilling and Well Completions R
Page 174: 658 Drilling and Well Completions F
Page 177 and 178: Drilling Muds and Completion Fluids
Page 191: Drilling Muds and Completion Fluids
Page 219 and 220: ~ ~~ Drilling Muds and Completion F
Page 225 and 226: ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ Drilling Muds and Com
Page 231 and 232: Drill String: Composition and Desig
Page 237 and 238: where DF = W= Wd‘ = %= K, = r, =
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Drill String: Composition and Desig
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Table 4-81 Premium (Used) Drill Pip
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Table 4-83 Class 3 (Used) Drill Pip
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~ -- --- Drill String: Composition
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6.85 9.50 Table 4-86 Selection Char
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In In t- ." B v1 a" c 0 ." .3 Y 8 2
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~ . Drill String: Composition and D
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Drilling Bits and Downhole Tools 76
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~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ Drilling Bi
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The bit hydraulic horsepower HP, is
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Weight on Bit and Rotary Speed for
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~ OPEN Drilling Bits and Downhole T
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DRILLING MUD HYDRAULICS Drilling Mu
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 83 1 where
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 833 The ave
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 835 words,
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 837 In the
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AP5 = [ 0.729 (2.4)(118.62) (2)(0.7
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Air and Gas Drilling 841 Air and Ga
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~ ~ ~ Air and Gas Drilling 843 Air
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Air and Gas Drilling 845 The booste
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Air and Gas Drilling 847 Drill Pipe
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Air and Gas Drilling 849 above the
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Air and Gas Drilling 851 [-a Rotati
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Air and Gas Drilling 853 drilling,
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Air and Gas Drilling 855 Table 4-10
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Air and Gas Drilling 857 Knowing th
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Air and Gas Drilling 859 From Equat
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Air and Gas Drilling 861 log,,p,,,
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Downhole Motors 863 In the late 195
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Downhole Motors 865 Figure 4-191. D
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Downhole Motors 867 Circulation Rat
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Downhole Motors 869 Stator t Figure
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Table 4-111 Turbine Motor, 6%-in. O
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HP, = 217( -) 1421 2842 Downhole Mo
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Downhole Motors 875 Similarly, the
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Downhole Motors 877 8000 pall = 458
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pal, = 3825 psi qal, = 340 gpm Down
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p, = 3236 psi Downhole Motors 881 8
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Downhole Motors 883 Flow Figure 4-2
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Downhole Motors 885 stator is made
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Downhole Motors 887 operating speed
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~~ ~ ~ Downhole Motors 889 - 9*P,a%
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Downhole Motors 891 2800 2400 2200
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Downhole Motors 893 OFF BOllOM BEAR
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Downhole Motors 895 3000 .- n v) a
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Downhole Motors 897 t? v) p,= 1382
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Downhole Motors 899 The hydraulic e
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MWD and LWD 901 successfully in man
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MWD and LWD 903 Naturally for opera
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MWD and LWD 905 MAGNETOMETER " \ Y'
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MWD and LWD 907 Coils Po Figure 4-2
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MWD and LWD 909 continuous componen
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MWD and LWD 911 The gravity tool fa
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g MWD and LWD 913 A \ DRIVE WINDING
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MWD and LWD 915 Figure 4-230. Photo
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Table 4-119 Accelerometer Output fo
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MWD and LWD 919 Also needed: Vector
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MWD and LWD 921 Using the drawing F
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MWD and LWD 923 where x = elongatio
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MWD and LWD 925 where m is the dece
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MWD and LWD 927 - Housing c Sensor
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MWD and LWD 929 Pressure Pick-up Fi
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MWD and LWD 931 The cone can be rep
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MWD and LWD 933 for measuring the d
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MWD and LWD 935 The calculation of
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MWD and LWD 937 The early system wa
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MWD and LWD 939 Retrievable Tools.
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MWD and LWD 941 where P(x) = pressu
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Demonstration, Transmit a range of
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~~~ MWD and LWD 945 2. What is the
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~ 2. S-23-E = 157" Default: 0110111
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MWD and LWD 949 Pressure (psi) 0 20
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MWD and LWD 951 x = distance in ft
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MWD and LWD 953 Solution 1. a. 6,25
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MWD and LWD 955 M - J H Figure 4-25
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MWD and LWD 957 FOIL GRID PATTERN T
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MWD and LWD 959 I I I p *:::!i I I
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MWD and LWD 961 One steel diaphragm
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MWD and LWD 963 Temperature sensor
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MWD and LWD 965 (4-200) where Rgem
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MWD and LWD 967 Gage response to ax
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MWD and LWD 969 (4-203) (4-204) Sol
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MWD and LWD 971 Hydrostatic pressur
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MWD and LWD 973 Figure 4-269. Examp
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MWD and LWD 975 Flgure 4-271. MWD f
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MWD and LWD 977 3. electromagnetic
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MWD and LWD 979 The system is simil
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MWD and LWD 981 Figure 4-276. Compa
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MWD and LWD 983 DUAL INDUCTION-LL3
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