STANDARD HANDBOOK OF PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS ...

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962 Drilling and Well Completions Table 4-1 28 Maximum Dissolved Gas Content of Drilling Muds Density Pressure Gas Volume’ % of InJected Mud (Iblgal) (PSI) (scflSTB) Mud Volume* Water base 9 4,680 16 0.9 Water base 18 9,360 13.7 0.6 Oil base 9 4,680 760 38 Oil base 18 9,360 7,200 77 Conditions: Depth = 10,000 ff Temperature = 150°F Filtrate salinity = 20 kppm Gas density (air = 1 .O) = 0.7 Oil S.G. = 0.83 (39”API) Brine density = 1 .I 75 g/cm3 Brine-oil ratio = 16234 “At bubble point in the mixture Note that from Table 4-128 the very large volumes that can dissolve in oilbase muds. For the water-base muds, 0.6 to 0.9% of gas will dissolve and not appreciably change the density or compressibility of the mud. It will be difficult to detect these low concentrations with downhole physical measurements. Free gas will be easily detected as shown hereafter. For the oil-base muds we will assume no free gas is present at bottomhole and the mud properties are changed only due to the dissolved gas. The detection will be more difficult than with free gas. Bottomhole Gas Detection. Many techniques could be used for bottomhole gas detection: mud acoustic velocity mud acoustic attenuation mud specific weight mud resistivity mud temperature annulus noise-level Figure 4-263 shows the various sensors that could, schematically, be installed in the annulus. Cuttings, turbulent flow, vibration and shock may render some measurements difficult. We shall study those that can be related easily to gas content. Mud Acoustic Velocity. Acoustic velocity can be accurately predicted. The measurements could be made over a short distance in the annulus of the order of 1 to 2 ft. The “free” mud formula can be used. This is (4- 197) where V = acoustic wave velocity in ft K = gas cut mud compressibility in psi-’ y = gas cut mud specific weight in lb/ft3
MWD and LWD 963 Temperature sensor Resistivity sensor Pressure mud weight sensors I* Noise level Drill collar sensor ' Acoustic velocity attenuation sensors Annulus __ Formation Figure 4-263. Schematic representation of bottomhole kick detection sensorst. (Courtesy Petroleum Engineer International [96].) with where Km = gas free mud compressibility in psi-' P = mud pressure in psi f, = free gas content (fraction) and (4-1 98) where y = gas cut mud specific weight in lb/ft3 Y, = gas free mud specific weight in lb/ft3 Y, = gas specific gravity (air = 1.0) BK = gas volume factor (4-1 99) For oil-base muds Equation 4-197 can be applied, but K and p must be calculated for an average natural gas using tables or the corresponding algorithms.
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Compressors 485 Vertical V-type W-t
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For a reciprocating piston compress
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Compressors 489 top of the vanes sl
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Compressors 491 portion of the rota
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Compressors 493 Summary of Rotary C
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References 495 Figure 3-83. Multist
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Drilling and Well Completions Frede
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- Drilling and Well Completions DER
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Derricks and Portable Masts 501 Guy
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Derricks and Portable Masts 503 c I
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~~ ~ Nominal Base Square Two I" or
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Derricks and Portable Masts 507 The
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Derricks and Portable Masts 509 c.
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Design Specifications Derricks and
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Derricks and Portable Masts 513 Whe
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Derricks and Portable Masts 515 to
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Derricks and Portable Masts 517 1.
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Derricks and Portable Masts 519 All
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Derricks and Portable Masts 541 and
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Hoisting System 543 75, 562.50 lb,
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600,000 9, Hoisting System 525 bloc
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Hoisting System 527 Power output lo
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Hoisting System 529 Transmission an
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Hoisting System 531 16. Tension mem
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Hoisting System 533 0 too 150 250 3
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Hoisting System 535 where SF, = yie
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Hoisting System 537 Table 4-6 (cont
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\-I-/ 15" 15" \-I?/ Hoisting System
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Hoisting System 541 Figure 4-16. Tr
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Hoisting System 543 loads are unexp
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Hoisting System 545 Wear and crocks
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Hoisting System 547 ,-Wear and crac
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Hoisting System 549 Weor of pins an
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Hoisting System 551 Wear and crocks
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Hoisting System 553 INSPECTION: Hea
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Table 4-9 (continued) Hoisting Syst
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Table 4-9 (continued) Hoisting Syst
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Hoisting System 559 Table 4-10 (con
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Hoisting System 561 0.145 3.68 3,32
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Hoisting System 563 0.230 0.231 0.2
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Hoisting System 565 The purchaser m
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Table 4-14 Classification Wire Rope
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Hoisting System 569 Table 4-18 6x37
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Table 4-23 6x25 “B,” 6x27 “H,
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Hoisting System 573 FIGhE4.44 FIGUR
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Hoisting System 575 (text conlznued
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Table 4-24 Wire Diameter Tolerance
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Hoisting System 579 M Figure 4-66.
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Hoisting System 581 Table 4-28 Requ
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Hoisting System 583 Table 4-30 Typi
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Hoisting System 585 Minimum Design
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y CASE "0" s-3 Drum Hoisting System
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Hoisting System 589 Figure 4-71A sh
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Hoisting System 591 a. The seizing
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Hoisting System 593 This solution i
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~ ~~~ Hoisting System 595 Attachmen
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Hoisting System 597 Vee Side of Der
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Hoisting System 599 spooling condit
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Hoisting System 601 Grooves for san
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Hoisting System 603 WEIGHT OF FLUID
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Hoisting System 605 20 I I I 1 I I
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608 Drilling and Well Completions B
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610 Drilling and Well Completions S
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612 Drilling and Well Completions 4
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614 Drilling and Well Completions n
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616 Drilling and Well Completions W
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618 Drilling and Well Completions S
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620 Drilling and Well Completions F
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622 Drilling and Well Completions -
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626 Drilling and Well Completions 1
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630 Drilling and Well Completions s
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Table 4-38 Mud Pump Performance-Dup
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NAWfACNWR COWIINEWAL EYSCO(DVPLOO T
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Table 4-38 (continued) Q, w 00 5 a
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642 Drilling and Well Completions T
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644 Drilling and Well Completions (
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646 Drilling and Well Completions .
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1."y SZ'Z# 8/1-02 01 ncf, VIE-02 0)
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652 Drilling and Well Completions T
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654 Drilling and Well Completions R
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656 Drilling and Well Completions R
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Drilling Muds and Completion Fluids
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80 Drilling Muds and Completion Flu
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~ ~~ Drilling Muds and Completion F
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~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ Drilling Muds and Com
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Drill String: Composition and Desig
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where DF = W= Wd‘ = %= K, = r, =
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Table 4-81 Premium (Used) Drill Pip
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Table 4-83 Class 3 (Used) Drill Pip
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~ -- --- Drill String: Composition
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6.85 9.50 Table 4-86 Selection Char
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In In t- ." B v1 a" c 0 ." .3 Y 8 2
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~ . Drill String: Composition and D
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Drilling Bits and Downhole Tools 76
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~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ Drilling Bi
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The bit hydraulic horsepower HP, is
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Weight on Bit and Rotary Speed for
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~ OPEN Drilling Bits and Downhole T
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DRILLING MUD HYDRAULICS Drilling Mu
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 83 1 where
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 833 The ave
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 835 words,
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 837 In the
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AP5 = [ 0.729 (2.4)(118.62) (2)(0.7
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Air and Gas Drilling 841 Air and Ga
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~ ~ ~ Air and Gas Drilling 843 Air
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Air and Gas Drilling 845 The booste
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Air and Gas Drilling 847 Drill Pipe
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Air and Gas Drilling 849 above the
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Air and Gas Drilling 851 [-a Rotati
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Air and Gas Drilling 853 drilling,
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Air and Gas Drilling 855 Table 4-10
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Air and Gas Drilling 857 Knowing th
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Air and Gas Drilling 859 From Equat
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Air and Gas Drilling 861 log,,p,,,
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Downhole Motors 863 In the late 195
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Downhole Motors 865 Figure 4-191. D
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Downhole Motors 867 Circulation Rat
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Downhole Motors 869 Stator t Figure
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Table 4-111 Turbine Motor, 6%-in. O
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HP, = 217( -) 1421 2842 Downhole Mo
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Downhole Motors 875 Similarly, the
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Downhole Motors 877 8000 pall = 458
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pal, = 3825 psi qal, = 340 gpm Down
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p, = 3236 psi Downhole Motors 881 8
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Downhole Motors 883 Flow Figure 4-2
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Downhole Motors 885 stator is made
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Downhole Motors 887 operating speed
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~~ ~ ~ Downhole Motors 889 - 9*P,a%
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Downhole Motors 891 2800 2400 2200
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Downhole Motors 893 OFF BOllOM BEAR
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Downhole Motors 895 3000 .- n v) a
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Downhole Motors 897 t? v) p,= 1382
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Downhole Motors 899 The hydraulic e
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MWD and LWD 901 successfully in man
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MWD and LWD 903 Naturally for opera
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MWD and LWD 905 MAGNETOMETER " \ Y'
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MWD and LWD 907 Coils Po Figure 4-2
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MWD and LWD 909 continuous componen
Page 427 and 428: MWD and LWD 911 The gravity tool fa
Page 429 and 430: g MWD and LWD 913 A \ DRIVE WINDING
Page 431 and 432: MWD and LWD 915 Figure 4-230. Photo
Page 433 and 434: Table 4-119 Accelerometer Output fo
Page 435 and 436: MWD and LWD 919 Also needed: Vector
Page 437 and 438: MWD and LWD 921 Using the drawing F
Page 439 and 440: MWD and LWD 923 where x = elongatio
Page 441 and 442: MWD and LWD 925 where m is the dece
Page 443 and 444: MWD and LWD 927 - Housing c Sensor
Page 445 and 446: MWD and LWD 929 Pressure Pick-up Fi
Page 447 and 448: MWD and LWD 931 The cone can be rep
Page 449 and 450: MWD and LWD 933 for measuring the d
Page 451 and 452: MWD and LWD 935 The calculation of
Page 453 and 454: MWD and LWD 937 The early system wa
Page 455 and 456: MWD and LWD 939 Retrievable Tools.
Page 457 and 458: MWD and LWD 941 where P(x) = pressu
Page 459 and 460: Demonstration, Transmit a range of
Page 461 and 462: ~~~ MWD and LWD 945 2. What is the
Page 463 and 464: ~ 2. S-23-E = 157" Default: 0110111
Page 465 and 466: MWD and LWD 949 Pressure (psi) 0 20
Page 467 and 468: MWD and LWD 951 x = distance in ft
Page 469 and 470: MWD and LWD 953 Solution 1. a. 6,25
Page 471 and 472: MWD and LWD 955 M - J H Figure 4-25
Page 473 and 474: MWD and LWD 957 FOIL GRID PATTERN T
Page 475 and 476: MWD and LWD 959 I I I p *:::!i I I
Page 477: MWD and LWD 961 One steel diaphragm
Page 481 and 482: MWD and LWD 965 (4-200) where Rgem
Page 483 and 484: MWD and LWD 967 Gage response to ax
Page 485 and 486: MWD and LWD 969 (4-203) (4-204) Sol
Page 487 and 488: MWD and LWD 971 Hydrostatic pressur
Page 489 and 490: MWD and LWD 973 Figure 4-269. Examp
Page 491 and 492: MWD and LWD 975 Flgure 4-271. MWD f
Page 493 and 494: MWD and LWD 977 3. electromagnetic
Page 495 and 496: MWD and LWD 979 The system is simil
Page 497 and 498: MWD and LWD 981 Figure 4-276. Compa
Page 499 and 500: MWD and LWD 983 DUAL INDUCTION-LL3
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