STANDARD HANDBOOK OF PETROLEUM & NATURAL GAS ...

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P SANDS FORMATIONS Low pmrurr. Normal Pmurc. Hroh pnmrr. -- Llmeatoncn. Coral ref. Dolomite. Fractured shalea Conglomeratn and whlsts. Shale.. PROBLEMS CONTROL Water or mud Mockins. Minimum filtration rate water-base muds. Minimum filtration rate water-base emulsionr. Miminum filtration rate oil-bar emulsions. Oil-bar muds. Inhibited muds. Minimum weight muds. Crude oil or diesel oil: Losr of crude or diesel oil used aa completioir fluid. Add oil-soluble lost circulation material. -- Water or mud blocking. Minimum filtration rate muds. Screen plugging. 1 Thin friable filter cakes. ------ i- Blowout prevention. Maintain adequate mud density. Maintain hole full of mud to prevent reduced hydrostatic head rerultinR from short column of mud. Lost Circulation. Withdraw tools slowly to prevent swabbing action. Formation Protstioli. ; Maintain loa gels and thin filter cake. s a Q 2 L
Drilling Muds and Completion Fluids 705 The filtercake plugging of perforations or fractures is usually difficult to remove through acidizing or backflowing. The solutions are: * use of solids-free brine * use of bridging solids that are acid/oil soluble * use of commercial bridging materials (large fractures or perforations) The compatibility of invading fluids with pay zone rocks may relate to swelling clays, water blocking, or emulsion blocking. In many sandstone reservoirs there are agglomerations of clay minerals and other fine formation particles are in equilibrium with the pore fluids. If the existing brine is displaced with a lower salinity fluid from the completion fluid, swelling clays such as montmorillonite or some illites can expand, and non-swelling clays such as kaolinite can disperse. The swelling and disaggregation can lead to a blocking of the pores. In the water-blocking mechanism large volumes of invaded liquid may be retained by low permeability or low-pressure formations. The blocking may occur for an oil wet and a water wet sandstones. The design factors to prevent blocking involve the use of low-viscosity fluids with minimum interfacial tension, minimum capillary pressure, and minimal fluid loss. The emulsion blocking mechanism involves formation of emulsion in the pores either by self-emulsification of water-based filtrate with the crude oil, or oil filtrate from an oil-based fluid emulsifying formation water. The emulsions are viscous and can block the pores. The remedial design is to prevent emulsification either by eliminating oil from completion fluid or by the use of demulsifiers. Components in the invading water-based filtrate and in the formation waters may react to form insoluble precipitates which can block the pores and give rise to skin damage. The scale can be formed by interaction of calcium-based brines with carbon dioxide or sulfate ions in the formation water. Alternatively sulfate ions in the invading fluid may react with calcium or barium ions in the formation water. Analysis of the formation water can identify whether such a problem may arise. Table 4-62 contains a checklist for proper selection of completion/workover fluids. CompletionMlorkover Fluid Systems Selection of completion/workover fluid system is entirely dependent upon its function, which, in turn, depends on the completion method. The method may involve underreaming, gravel packing, perforation, or workover. Completion fluids used for underreaming have to display formation bridging and low spurt loss and filtrate loss to support the sand and prevent sloughing. Because the filter cake will be trapped between the gravel pack and the formation, the fluid should be composed of particles, soluble in acid or oil, and small enough not to bridge off the gravel pack when the well is flowed. Gravel packing completion fluids should exhibit sufficient viscosity to carry and place the gravel efficiently. However, high gel strengths for prolonged suspension are not necessary. Thus the polymer solution can easily flow out of the pack on production. Also, the solution can be formulated with a breaker (enzyme or oxidizer) such that the viscosity is completely broken allowing complete cleanup. Normally, filtrate loss control is not employed in the gravel carrying fluid. Low-density perforating completion fluids for underbalanced perforation greatly reduce the possibilities of plugging. If overbalance perforation is needed,
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Compressors 485 Vertical V-type W-t
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For a reciprocating piston compress
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Compressors 489 top of the vanes sl
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Compressors 491 portion of the rota
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Compressors 493 Summary of Rotary C
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References 495 Figure 3-83. Multist
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Drilling and Well Completions Frede
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- Drilling and Well Completions DER
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Derricks and Portable Masts 501 Guy
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Derricks and Portable Masts 503 c I
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~~ ~ Nominal Base Square Two I" or
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Derricks and Portable Masts 507 The
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Derricks and Portable Masts 509 c.
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Design Specifications Derricks and
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Derricks and Portable Masts 513 Whe
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Derricks and Portable Masts 515 to
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Derricks and Portable Masts 517 1.
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Derricks and Portable Masts 519 All
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Derricks and Portable Masts 541 and
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Hoisting System 543 75, 562.50 lb,
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600,000 9, Hoisting System 525 bloc
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Hoisting System 527 Power output lo
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Hoisting System 529 Transmission an
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Hoisting System 531 16. Tension mem
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Hoisting System 533 0 too 150 250 3
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Hoisting System 535 where SF, = yie
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Hoisting System 537 Table 4-6 (cont
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\-I-/ 15" 15" \-I?/ Hoisting System
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Hoisting System 541 Figure 4-16. Tr
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Hoisting System 543 loads are unexp
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Hoisting System 545 Wear and crocks
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Hoisting System 547 ,-Wear and crac
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Hoisting System 549 Weor of pins an
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Hoisting System 551 Wear and crocks
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Hoisting System 553 INSPECTION: Hea
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Table 4-9 (continued) Hoisting Syst
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Table 4-9 (continued) Hoisting Syst
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Hoisting System 559 Table 4-10 (con
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Hoisting System 561 0.145 3.68 3,32
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Hoisting System 563 0.230 0.231 0.2
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Hoisting System 565 The purchaser m
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Table 4-14 Classification Wire Rope
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Hoisting System 569 Table 4-18 6x37
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Table 4-23 6x25 “B,” 6x27 “H,
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Hoisting System 573 FIGhE4.44 FIGUR
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Hoisting System 575 (text conlznued
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Table 4-24 Wire Diameter Tolerance
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Hoisting System 579 M Figure 4-66.
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Hoisting System 581 Table 4-28 Requ
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Hoisting System 583 Table 4-30 Typi
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Hoisting System 585 Minimum Design
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y CASE "0" s-3 Drum Hoisting System
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Hoisting System 589 Figure 4-71A sh
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Hoisting System 591 a. The seizing
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Hoisting System 593 This solution i
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~ ~~~ Hoisting System 595 Attachmen
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Hoisting System 597 Vee Side of Der
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Hoisting System 599 spooling condit
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Hoisting System 601 Grooves for san
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Hoisting System 603 WEIGHT OF FLUID
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Hoisting System 605 20 I I I 1 I I
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608 Drilling and Well Completions B
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610 Drilling and Well Completions S
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612 Drilling and Well Completions 4
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614 Drilling and Well Completions n
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616 Drilling and Well Completions W
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618 Drilling and Well Completions S
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620 Drilling and Well Completions F
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622 Drilling and Well Completions -
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626 Drilling and Well Completions 1
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630 Drilling and Well Completions s
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Table 4-38 Mud Pump Performance-Dup
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NAWfACNWR COWIINEWAL EYSCO(DVPLOO T
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Table 4-38 (continued) Q, w 00 5 a
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642 Drilling and Well Completions T
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644 Drilling and Well Completions (
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646 Drilling and Well Completions .
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1."y SZ'Z# 8/1-02 01 ncf, VIE-02 0)
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652 Drilling and Well Completions T
Page 170 and 171: 654 Drilling and Well Completions R
Page 172 and 173: 656 Drilling and Well Completions R
Page 174: 658 Drilling and Well Completions F
Page 177 and 178: Drilling Muds and Completion Fluids
Page 193 and 194: 80 Drilling Muds and Completion Flu
Page 219: ~ ~~ Drilling Muds and Completion F
Page 225 and 226: ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~ Drilling Muds and Com
Page 231 and 232: Drill String: Composition and Desig
Page 237 and 238: where DF = W= Wd‘ = %= K, = r, =
Page 257 and 258: Table 4-81 Premium (Used) Drill Pip
Page 259 and 260: Table 4-83 Class 3 (Used) Drill Pip
Page 267 and 268: ~ -- --- Drill String: Composition
Page 269 and 270: 6.85 9.50 Table 4-86 Selection Char
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In In t- ." B v1 a" c 0 ." .3 Y 8 2
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Drill String: Composition and Desig
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~ . Drill String: Composition and D
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Drilling Bits and Downhole Tools 76
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~ ~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ ~~~~ Drilling Bi
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The bit hydraulic horsepower HP, is
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Weight on Bit and Rotary Speed for
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~ OPEN Drilling Bits and Downhole T
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DRILLING MUD HYDRAULICS Drilling Mu
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 83 1 where
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 833 The ave
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 835 words,
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Drilling Mud Hydraulics 837 In the
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AP5 = [ 0.729 (2.4)(118.62) (2)(0.7
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Air and Gas Drilling 841 Air and Ga
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~ ~ ~ Air and Gas Drilling 843 Air
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Air and Gas Drilling 845 The booste
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Air and Gas Drilling 847 Drill Pipe
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Air and Gas Drilling 849 above the
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Air and Gas Drilling 851 [-a Rotati
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Air and Gas Drilling 853 drilling,
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Air and Gas Drilling 855 Table 4-10
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Air and Gas Drilling 857 Knowing th
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Air and Gas Drilling 859 From Equat
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Air and Gas Drilling 861 log,,p,,,
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Downhole Motors 863 In the late 195
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Downhole Motors 865 Figure 4-191. D
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Downhole Motors 867 Circulation Rat
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Downhole Motors 869 Stator t Figure
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Table 4-111 Turbine Motor, 6%-in. O
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HP, = 217( -) 1421 2842 Downhole Mo
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Downhole Motors 875 Similarly, the
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Downhole Motors 877 8000 pall = 458
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pal, = 3825 psi qal, = 340 gpm Down
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p, = 3236 psi Downhole Motors 881 8
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Downhole Motors 883 Flow Figure 4-2
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Downhole Motors 885 stator is made
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Downhole Motors 887 operating speed
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~~ ~ ~ Downhole Motors 889 - 9*P,a%
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Downhole Motors 891 2800 2400 2200
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Downhole Motors 893 OFF BOllOM BEAR
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Downhole Motors 895 3000 .- n v) a
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Downhole Motors 897 t? v) p,= 1382
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Downhole Motors 899 The hydraulic e
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MWD and LWD 901 successfully in man
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MWD and LWD 903 Naturally for opera
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MWD and LWD 905 MAGNETOMETER " \ Y'
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MWD and LWD 907 Coils Po Figure 4-2
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MWD and LWD 909 continuous componen
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MWD and LWD 911 The gravity tool fa
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g MWD and LWD 913 A \ DRIVE WINDING
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MWD and LWD 915 Figure 4-230. Photo
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Table 4-119 Accelerometer Output fo
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MWD and LWD 919 Also needed: Vector
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MWD and LWD 921 Using the drawing F
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MWD and LWD 923 where x = elongatio
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MWD and LWD 925 where m is the dece
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MWD and LWD 927 - Housing c Sensor
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MWD and LWD 929 Pressure Pick-up Fi
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MWD and LWD 931 The cone can be rep
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MWD and LWD 933 for measuring the d
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MWD and LWD 935 The calculation of
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MWD and LWD 937 The early system wa
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MWD and LWD 939 Retrievable Tools.
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MWD and LWD 941 where P(x) = pressu
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Demonstration, Transmit a range of
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~~~ MWD and LWD 945 2. What is the
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~ 2. S-23-E = 157" Default: 0110111
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MWD and LWD 949 Pressure (psi) 0 20
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MWD and LWD 951 x = distance in ft
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MWD and LWD 953 Solution 1. a. 6,25
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MWD and LWD 955 M - J H Figure 4-25
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MWD and LWD 957 FOIL GRID PATTERN T
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MWD and LWD 959 I I I p *:::!i I I
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MWD and LWD 961 One steel diaphragm
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MWD and LWD 963 Temperature sensor
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MWD and LWD 965 (4-200) where Rgem
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MWD and LWD 967 Gage response to ax
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MWD and LWD 969 (4-203) (4-204) Sol
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MWD and LWD 971 Hydrostatic pressur
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MWD and LWD 973 Figure 4-269. Examp
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MWD and LWD 975 Flgure 4-271. MWD f
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MWD and LWD 977 3. electromagnetic
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MWD and LWD 979 The system is simil
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MWD and LWD 981 Figure 4-276. Compa
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MWD and LWD 983 DUAL INDUCTION-LL3
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